Evaluate Social Identity Theory Essay

Social identity theory is designed by Tajfel and Turner (1979) to explain how it is that people develop a sense of membership and belonging in particular groups, and how the mechanics of intergroup discrimination. Several interconnected mechanisms are at work with social identity theory. The core idea is that people tend to seek out-group membership as an affirmation of self-esteem, but that membership in a group alone is not enough to build self-esteem. To feel more self esteem, people have to believe that they are in the right group, which creates the need for a positive distinction from other groups. There are three cognitive processes that are Social Categorisation, Social Identification and Social Comparison. Tajfel and his colleagues divided some schoolboys in to 2 different groups, they allocated them randomly into the groups but the participants thought that the groups were defined by their preferences to paintings. They had to give out points to the in-group and the out-group but were not allowed to give points to themselves. The participants would favour people in their group rather than the participants of the other group. In many cases the participants would sacrifice points for their group just to increase the difference between the groups. The participants would give 7 points to their own group and give the other group 1, although they could have given 13 to each group. This shows that you can be easily be put in a group for a minor thing and you would stick together and go against the other group and see them as the enemy without having any real reason. Caroline Howarth carried out the second research. The participants all lived in the Brixton area, which was seen as a poor and violent place and also where a lot of black people were thought to have lived there and were thought of being the main cause of violence. Within the first set of focus groups (total of 7), she asked teenagers to talk about Brixton, she asked them to ‘tell me about Brixton – what it is like for you to live here and how people outside Brixton think about Brixton’. Howarth used a topic guideline to ensure that central research questions were always covered (on community, inclusion, exclusion, identity, ethnicity, the media, prejudice, racism, the school). The organisation of focus groups into friendship groups made it possible for participants to discuss these experiences with admirable confidence, maturity and understanding. It can, nonetheless, be difficult for the social researcher to access such sensitive material. When the moderator is an outsider and when research participants assume (often correctly) that the researcher has little experience of the kind of discrimination and challenges to self-esteem that pervade their lives, mistrust and suspicion may harm the research relationship. The girls answered positively and were happy to be from Brixton and did not want to move away and did not see any problems. This would shock people, as they would have thought people would move away if they had the chance. They are creating a social identity, as they are happy to be a part of the Brixton identity. There are some problems with this study as there are some ethical issues, they were deceived as they were lied to in the Tajfel study as they were just randomly picked and had nothing to do with their views on the paintings. Whereas the Howarth study they were not deceived which is a good way to carry out a study but they might have lied with their answers to please the examiner and have changed their behavior to be positive and not how that even the people who live there think the same as everyone else. Both of these studies are valid as the research supports the theory and the results can be applied to everyday life. The Tajfel study shows how people at school in the playground group and pick the group they have the most in common with and communicate with them and if they do not seem to have anything in common they would not stay there. The second study by Howarth can also be applied in everyday life as people create social identity all the time, if a place is thought of negatively by people who do not live their then the people who do can make a social identity and be happy and have positive thoughts about this area and not agree with the others. The theory seems to be a good and plausible theory as the research supports the theory that people automatically divide the social world into the in-group (people like me) and the out-group (people who are not like me). The people see the people in their group as similar to them but 2 different groups seem to be so different from each other when not in all cases they are that different from each other.

Pregnant Inmates

When carrying a child it is important to get the right care and right nutrition to assure mother and baby are healthy throughout the whole process. While at home, the right amount of prenatal medication and nutrients can be consumed with no doubt. There are also books and online sources you can refer to while at home to get information on whats going on with your body. Also your doctor is just a call away if you experience any issues or have any questions during your pregnancy. Now imagine you are in jail.Its understandable you should have to do the time for the crime you commited. Your unborn child however, should not have to suffer your consequences. More then 2,000 children are born behind bars each year. (7) Pregnant inmate’s access to these kinds of resources are limited. They really do not know what is in their food, it probably is not the most healthy thing you could be eating. You can not access information about your pregnancy and the best you will be able to get for medical personal is the enfermery unless they decicde it is sereve enough to take to the hospital.Nothing is really your decsion in jail, if you are unfortunate enough to have to be pregnant in jail the least they could do is treat the women better. Given what we know about prenatal care, prisons should give better care to pregnant inmates. One very important thing to worry about while being pregnant is medical care. People usually do not realize how much medical care pregnant women need. There are the vitamins, the checkups, the ultrasounds, and much more. Medical care should start even before becoming pregnant checking to see if your body is healthy enough to handle a baby inside of you.The earlier you know you are pregnant the better off the baby and mother will be. Medical conditions can form within the first month of pregnancy. If incarcerated it is not as easy to figure out if you became pregnant or not. While in jail is it manadated under the eighth amendment for inmates to r eceive adequate medical care from an infirmary in the jail or from outside sources the jail provides. A pregnant women in prision is to be given proper mecial care whether or not she decides to keep the baby.This is a law and the ACLU is working on making sure every prision is giving pregnant women the proper  medical care throughout the whole country. Choosing doctors is also something that has to be done after getting pregnant.Usually women try to find doctors they are comfortable with. Inmates do not have the choice of what doctors they want. They get what is provided by the prision whether they like it or not. This could lead to a miserable pregnancy for mom. Most women would rather be provided a doctor in jail rather then having to be brought out somewhere. They find it embarrassing being shackled and in a jumpsuit with a big pregnant belly. ( 4) Think about it. Most people do not like to stand out from a crowd.Being pregnant and in an orange jump suit in a doctor’s of fice is like being a clown in a doctor’s office considering how much you are going to stick out. Another issue while being pregnant in jail is your living conditions and the treatment you get from other inmates. Would you rather be the mothers you see on television sitting in a nice home or be the poor pregnant imates getting treated like caged animals. Inmates are defintely not going to receive the comfort most mothers would want. Your going to be living behind bars in a cold jail cell with none of the comforts you would have if you were in your own home.Sleeping is going to be a big struggle. The hard bed is not going to be the first choice for someone with a watermelon sized belly. Pregnant women should be provided extra things in their cells to just give them a little more comfort, like a better padded bed. In prision, mothers also don’t get as much time with their babies. Babies do get taken away from their mothers at certain times. Mother and child bonding time i s crucial at that newborn age. (7) If you think you are going to get treated the same in prision by your fellow inmates if your are a new mother or pregnant you are completely wrong.They will look at you different and pretty much see you as prey. Being hormonal from your pregnancy that is the last thing you want to be feeling. The feeling of being unsafe in prision can not be good at all. Women now have to worry about themselves and their babies being at risk of getting hurt. Most prisions still shackle women while they are giving birth or go outside of the prision. Restraints can make a pregnant inmate more opt to fall and if they fall the right way they could even kill their baby. (4) This is not right at all.If complications were to happen this could go very bad because it could make it harder for the doctors to get to mother. It is not fair mothers really are not going to escape at that point in time in that much pain and if choosen on pain killing drugs. Treatmant should be cha nged for pregnant inmates. Nutrition is also a huge factor when carrying a child. We can all agree that prision food is not the most healthiest thing you could be eating. They have inmates making that food and you never know what could be thrown in there that could be harmful to the mother or baby.You are going to have to be eating some what more now because of course, you are eating for two. A normal pregnant women should be eating 6-11 servings of grains, 3-4 servings of fruit, 3-5 servings of vegetables, 3-4 servings of protein, 4 servings of dairy, and ocasionally fats and oils. ( 6)While in prision, you don’t know what is going in your body. Women should have the option of eating healthier special food while pregnant, expecially those who decide they want to breast feed their child after its birth. What the mother intakes is also what the baby intakes.There is no picking your food in prision. What is on the menu is on the menu and there really is no changing it. Eating a nd doing certain things during your pregnancy can affect your child. It is known if you eat a lot of peanuts it will predispose your child to food allegies. Getting sick off of food is one thing when you’re eating for your own body but when you’re eating for two it’s a different story. You do not want to get your baby sick. Babies are at very high risk when still in the womb. You have the people out there that do not care about pregnant inmates at all.They think that if they did the crime they should do the time. That is completely understandable but why should the baby have to do the time as well? Why should the baby be put through the horrible diet and lack of care. If children are born with disablilities there is nothing they could have done about that. They were a poor innocent little person inside of someones body they were dependent on. Usually the people who say they do not care are men. Mostly men work in prision facilities. I got this statistic from cou nting men to women on a floor in the South Bay correction facitlity in Boston.Men do not understand how important things are when it comes to motherly stuff. I understand some are fathers but no father can ever give a child motherly love like a mother can. Babies get taken away many times in a prision.Pregnant women are still receiving the time and punishment about being away from their family at one the most important times in their life. Who cares if there was little tweks here and there to make it a little more comfortable or a little safer. Really you have to step back and look at the baby not the mother that did the crime. Are shackles a really big deal to someone?I do not think it is that hard to catch a pregnant women on the run. If police can not do that how would they ever catch a robber or someone who is in shape? I believe they should at somepoint make pregnant women their own jail or maybe their own wing. It is not like pregnancy is a whole new thing to society. It happe ns to most women. Any point brought up about having pregnant women be treated the same in any way can be fought and won because of the circumstances of what pregnant women are dealing with. Another question people wonder is what happens to these babies born behind bars?What happens to those 2,000 children each year? Before the 1950’s babies born behind bars would just stay in prision nurseries and be brought up by their mothers. It costs about 24,000 dollars to raise a baby in jail and when the number of women in prison increased by 832 percent between 1977 and 2007 it was to expensive to keep children in prison with their mothers. (7) Women are now forced to hand over custody of their child to a relative or the state so that baby can go into foster care. There is also a new thing that some prisons started doing.Mothers are able to keep their children in prison with them as long as their sentence is short and they are not in prison for anything violent. There is great competi tion to get into this because the numbers are limited. Prison is not an ideal place for a baby but it is better then getting ripped away from their mother at an early age. Given what we know about prenatal care, prisons should give different care to pregnant inmates. While being pregnant it is a special time for women. You can take away some things from them but it is just not fair to take everything away especially the things that could change a baby’s lifestyle later in life.People don’t realize that such a simple thing like the comfort of a comfortable bed and a blanket could make a huge difference for a pregnant woman. Some things are clear of what a pregnant women needs. For example different food plans and different vitamins and care. Prisons have to give women some things just for the fact that it’s the law. I really do not think it will kill anyone to give a little slack to someone who sadly has to be pregnant and in prison. Honestly you would never want that to be you.

The Trade Relations Among Europe and Africa, Asia and America

Before 1500, Europeans had already established a trading network with Africa, Asia and America. The products that they traded during that time period included food clothing, weapons and other goods. Today their trading networks are very sophisticated and connect to every corner well to every other aspect of the planet. Trading became an essential part for our society to function and prosperous into what it has become today. Some might think that today’s trading landscape came from the Europeans around 1500, but they were just eager to establish trades with countries who were just as eager to purchase European goods. However, this statement is incorrect. The reality was that not every country was willing to purchase their products, but many of the Europeans were eager to buy products from other countries. In this paper, I will show how the above statement and its flaws. European countries have a rich civilization. For example, they have a wide variety of food, a huge collection of art work and a number of different customs inlcuding multiple languages. Their possession of these qualities made them become the modern civilization popular at that time. Therefore, if a country that was less civilized started using their products, that country might be modernized at a faster pace. Therefore, the Europeans were helping other countries when they traded with them. However, their good deeds were not accepted by other countries. Not every country was interested in European goods. For example, China resisted importing foreign goods to their country at that time. This was because the government did not want foreign culture to affect their already rich civilization, as China’s history could be traced back to 3000 years ago. Also, African countries, although they were not civilized at all, were not receptive at buying European goods. Tribes from Africa were scattered everywhere. Most of these tribes were self-sufficient as in their advanced ability to produce their own goods as oppose to trading products between tribes. As a result, the economy in Africa was very weak and none of these tribes could afford the European products in order to better their society. Another big misconception about European trade is that we always think other countries had to yield to the terms set forth by the Europeans. Although, Europeans had a powerful civilization and their weapons were more technology advance than many other nations, the term â€Å"trade† was not always in favor of the Europeans. For example, even though Portugal had a better naval and military technology, they had a very limited success when trading with China and Japan. Between 1521 and 1522, Portuguese had attempted to enforce trading with China. However, their aggressive movement ended with a decisive defeat of the Portuguese because they were unable to control all the maritime traffic in the region. As a result, Portugal was expelled from China in 1523. Another example was the Mughal Empire. Mughal Empire was founded in the early 16th century and located in the Middle East region. According to the class note, although this empire was relatively new, they already had a better gunpowder technology than the Europeans. Of course, we cannot conclude that the Mughal Empire had a stronger military than the Europeans based on this fact. However, the gunpowder technology would definitely give the Mughal people a superior defense upon an attack by the Europeans in case of a trading issue arose. As a result, we cannot conclude that a powerful civilization was a factor for the European to continue their trading network at around 1500. An underlying reason of the trade was that the Europeans wanted to be more superior. They wanted to spread their civilized cultures and religions to the â€Å"less civilized† countries in order to colonize them easier. The Americas was a great example to illustrate this influence. After Columbus discovered the new continent in 1400s, European powers began to flock and colonize the new world. Despite the natives were resisting, they were soon adapted to their new dominating power. This was because many of the products that they used were imported from the European nations, including tea, clothing, religion etc. The success of the dominating European power was due to the fact that they took advantage of the trading system and method was unsuccessful for the empires in the old world. It is because the â€Å"less civilized† old world countries had already established their own cultures and religions and were not ready to change. For example, Christianity did not find its way in China. Even in the mid 18th century, 200 years after the trading relationship began; only about 0. 08 percent of total Chinese population had converted from Buddhism to Christianity. Therefore, the explanation that trading system continued because of the European’s cohesive civilization was not well constructed, as it was true for the countries in the new world but not the old. Finally, European nations were ore interested in products made in other countries than those countries interested in their products. An example about the Chinese empire was illustrated in the previous paragraph. China refused the purchase foreign goods because they had already a rich culture by itself. In contrast, Europeans were very interested in silk, porcelains and food produced in China. In Africa, where people could not afford European products, European powers simply arrived, enslaved, and â€Å"trade† those indigent people. Therefore, Europeans after 1500s continued their networks with other countries were more because they wanted to purchase foreign products rather than so sell their products. In conclusion, Europeans established ongoing trade networks in Africa, Asia and the Americas after 1500 because they wanted to trade with countries just as eager to trade with them does not sufficiently entail the trading landscape at that time. Some countries were uninterested in their products and some others simply cannot afford them. As a result, the statement is false and should be revised.

ART HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ART HISTORY - Essay Example He is also credited with being one of the pioneers of a new form of painting that became popular in Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. Most of his paintings depict his chosen medium, which he sought to explore different forms of art in the early 1960’s. The painting of enlarged copies of black-and-white photographs that only encompassed the use of different shades of grey such as the 1964 picture cow and the 1965 picture kitchen chair catapulted him to fame. This is because he started a new form of using photographs as a starting point rather than a model towards an end in itself. He states that he blurs his images to make everything equal. The aim is to depict images as both equally equal and equally unequal without distorting the intended message. This is shown best in the illustration below. His work does not only include painting blurred pictures, but also multi-colored charts, drawings and

Giving back Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Giving back - Scholarship Essay Example However, attending to a reputed RN school is not as simple like that. The overall cost of registered nursing education is expensive and one has to be financially prepared prior to entering the nursing profession. In line with this, I believe that the Frank Lanza Scholarship thru Phi Theta Kappa will help me successfully complete my nursing program. I learned that the Frank Lanza Memorial Scholarship recognize students’ outstanding academic and leadership accomplishments whom are currently enrolled in regionally accredited community college programs in registered nursing but in need of financial assistance (Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society, n.p.). Through disbursements of $ 2,500 to each successful applicant of scholarship, my financial problems for completing the registered nursing program would be resolved as the financial aid from the Frank Lanza Memorial Scholarship will help me pay for education fees. In addition, I could focus on achieving academic excellence because of alleviation of problems in studying. After completion of the RN nursing program, I plan to give back by serving my community and by taking an active role to help other students like me who have passion for academic excellence and nursing but are hindered by financial reasons. As a nurse, I could serve my community using the two most important powerful tools in maintaining optimum level of health: education and caring. With the knowledge that I gained upon completion of the nursing program, I could help my community through health education or disseminating information about prevention of diseases and promotion of health and caring for the sick, disabled, and those who are oppressed in the community. Teaching my community on how to be healthy and caring for them are ways on how I can give back to the Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society as a healthy community is also a productive community fostering growth and development. Likewise, I intend to give back to the Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society

Ostemyelitis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ostemyelitis - Research Paper Example entist defined this disease as â€Å"corruption of the bones†, in 1830 Gross used the term â€Å"necrosis†, Paster called this disease â€Å"carbuncle† in 1860 as he thought that the infectious agent of ordinary abscesses and bone infection was the same. In 1931 Nowicki called it â€Å"osteitis†as he was sure that this disease infect mainly the bone tissue and bone marrow involve only in suppuration. Finally Lannelongue firstly used the term ostemyelitis in 1879 as he thought that an infection starts primary from the bone marrow. The causation of osteomyeltitis remained unclear until Pasteur proved the existence of microorganisms in 1860 and showed that they can provoke this disease. The nature of the osteomyelitis was more deeply described using X-rays by Roentgen in 1896. Later on modern imaging procedures such as ultrasonography, isotope bone scan, MRI and computed tomography helped to fully understand the pathology and diagnosis of different stages of osteomyelitis. Also some predisposed factors were discovered such as malnutrition, debilitating diseases, immunological and genetic factors. Therefore, through a long historical period scientist describe pathology, diagnosis, treatment of the osteomyelitis. (Abulfotooh M. Eid,2003) Osteomyelitis usually caused by bacteria, but may be provoked by fungi or other germs. Different bacteria can cause osteomyelitis depends on age of the patients. Newborns at age of under 4 months are infected by Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter and group A and B Streptococcus species. Children at age 4 months -4 years can be infected by Haemophilus influenza, S. aureus, Enterobacter and group A Streptococcus strains. Osteomyelitis in adolescents and adults in 80% of cases caused by S. aureus. Osteomyelitis in children usually affects the long bones of the upper and lower extremities while adults have likelihood for development of the infection in the bones that forms the spine called vertebrates. In patients with sickle cell anemia the

Report from the Internship placement supervisor Essay

Report from the Internship placement supervisor - Essay Example In the task performance, she showed a great desire to learn more from other fellow work mates. She used all her ability of independent thinking and critical analysis whenever she wanted to solve any practical problem. In her journey of internship she got associated with the Guangzhou Residential Furnishing of Ming and Qing Dynasties where she learned so much about the behaviour of the tourists and the reasons why they visit specific sites. She was able to gain a lot of knowledge about the lifestyle of the people of Guangzhou a long with furnished furniture that they most use. She applied her practical skill to refurnish the furniture that were used by the people of the Guangzhou to give them a new look than the previous one. She participated in improving and making unique gates, designers fine glasses as well as curved screens. As a result she gained a wide range of knowledge and skills that she acquired through communicating with other people. While undertaking her duties, she was v ery flexible to employ her skills in solving any practical problem that may arise while at the job. She pioneered innovative spirits whenever she worked, she was very fast at accepting any thing that was new through her constructive thinking to be able to employ her own ideas and visions. One of her favourite areas of operation while undertaking her internship was ingenious exhibition where she perform majorly the task of craftsmanship and creativity. She explored her creative knowledge on various innovative items including canton embroidery collection. She performed all her duties with a lot of intelligence and as a result she got a good reputation with most of her workmates and even with her leaders. She never provided any kind of excuse while at the job and she was ever punctual in reporting for work. She is a character that co-exist well with other

Husserl's theory of Phenomenology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Husserl's theory of Phenomenology - Essay Example Philosopher Edmund Husserl proposed a vision of phenomenology that would increasingly allow philosophers and psychologists a means of investigating the vagaries of human conscious experience. While Husserl was the first philosopher to heighten phenomenology to an entire philosophical school of thought, subsequent thinkers would expand and change Husserl’s concepts. Throughout the 20th century two major forms of phenomenology emerged – Husserl’s theory of phenomenology and the existential theory of phenomenology. This essay compares and contrasts these divergent perspectives. There are a variety of differing features of Husserl’s theory of phenomenology and the existential version. In both instances, however, there is the similar recognition that phenomenological investigation considers internal aspects of human consciousness (Sokolowski, p. 159). Both perspectives on phenomenology worked to investigate aspects of human consciousness through bracketing techniques (Sokolowski, p. 159). In this way, the human senses’ perceived the external world was a major investigative trope. Both schools of thought recognized that the human senses only constituted a partial reflection of actual reality. Subsequently, phenomenology implemented the ‘epoche’ method of investigation where a particular aspect of sensory experience was bracketed and investigated. While the overarching mode of analysis is similar among both Husserl’s perspective the existential perspective on phenomenology, differences emerge in terms of the specifics. One of the primary differences between these perspectives is the objects they believe can be the object of phenomenological analysis. Existential phenomenology believed that phenomenology could only investigate actual objects from the external world. This perspective is contrasted with Husserl’s phenomenology that argues analysis also involved concepts such as freedom or justice. Ziemba indicates, â€Å"Husserl

The Historical Developments in the United States that Presented New Essay

The Historical Developments in the United States that Presented New Opportunities for Women in Society - Essay Example The industrial revolution One of the most significant contributions of the industrial revolution at the end of the nineteenth century is the rise of the status of women. Women during this period were preferred by factory owners because they could be easily employed, they could be underpaid and could be required to work longer hours. This situation divided the home and workplace. Often times, women were found to be competing with jobs in the factories which were originally male dominated. The way of life of women began to change with the introduction of technologies and the coming of the consumer society. According to, Butler Chris,(2007) women found plenty of time to stay home and be associated with â€Å"housewife role†. Women used their extra time to be related in social and political issues. At first they started participating with church activities who also discussed same issues. A middle class society eventually emerged wherein women spent more time at home and did more s pending. In time they were considered as an important aspect of the emerging society during the half of the nineteenth century (Butler, Chris). Thus, at this time the rise of women’s status began and then the isolation of women ends. The rising status of women in education The rising status of women led to other opportunities. More women were seen in the workplaces, and were encouraged to pursue secondary and college course. By the end of the 19th century, the number of women students greatly increased. According to Women’s International Center (WIC), in 1870, an estimated one fifth of resident college and university students were women and by 1900, this proportion had increased to more than one third. The figure obtained in WIC states that at the beginning of the 20th century women had: obtained l9 percent of all undergraduate college degrees, and by 1984, this figure increased to 49 percent. Women also increased their numbers in graduate study, by mid l980, women wer e earning 49 percent of all masters degrees and about 33percent of all doctoral degrees. In l985, about 53 percent of all college students were women. (WIC) As such, many courses became female dominated like nurses, teachers and secretaries. As women began to be accepted in society, many of them took casual dancing and sports. Their rising status allowed them to participate in sports like crocheting, biking and horseback riding. Even the clothing of women at the twentieth century was less confining. (Butler, Chris). In recent events, women became more daring, as they take part in swimming, tennis and other athletic fields. We even see women boxers and other extreme sports. Important women in history The end of women’s isolation allowed them to become more visible in the society. It had encouraged women to participate in politics, and to organize reforms movements. In the 18th and 19th century, the way women were treated gradually changed. For instance, the achievements of Eli zabeth of England in the 18th century, Catherine the Great of Russia in 18th century and Queen Victoria of England in the 19th century have been properly noted and recognized, WIC said. From

((((2)))) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

((((2)))) - Essay Example Some of the child-centered curriculum goals that have proven to be proficient include making learners reach new understanding of their surroundings, one of the vibrant goals of a teacher. What’s more, teachers in the contemporary world need to adopt child-centered curriculum for them to meet their goals of supporting background knowledge learned at homegrown and in the community. Teachers’ goals employ the child-centered curriculum as it endorses the deepening interest and exploration of connected ideas. Therefore, by comparing Child-Centered and the traditional approach concepts I realized that Child-Centered is superlative and an effective approach teachers can use in a class as this approach helps in promoting the concepts of children playing part in their curriculum development unlike the traditional approach. Child-centered curriculum enable learners to develop awareness by making them understand their surroundings thus creating learners who are not consumers of kn owledge but inventors of the knowledge. Sharon’s child-centered curriculum, unlike Melissa’s tradition curriculum, helps us to understand that contemporary teachers think children learn within the situation of loving the content by looking at it if it connects learning with experiences. A modern teacher will approve that children learn through activities that are responsive to children, i.e. Considers what comes about after experiences. Teachers also understand that children learn easily when the lesson and the content taught support reflecting of already learned content and also embrace observations by learners. Effective program of study is brought about by sensory involvements, use of concept to integrate knowledge, content and skills from multiple subject area, offers learners with activity choices, and incorporates relevant learning beyond the tutorial room into real-life situations. The sensory

Poverty and Pollution Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Poverty and Pollution Case Study - Essay Example Firms that manufacture chemicals, which are too unsafe to manufacture within the first World will always acquire a market within third World Nations (The Environment..., 2013). There exist no regulations within the Third World Nations that govern dumping and pollution. Generally, Third World nations have to choose between food and a contaminated environment. Third World governments cannot limit nor have regulations, as it would be too expensive to their countries more specifically since most of their people are trying to earn a living (Hardoy, 2011). This paper is an analysis of the Pollution and Poverty Case Study. Ethical effects of pollution in a third world nation would directly affect the inhabitants of the Third World Countries (Hardoy, 2011). For instance, the dumping of toxic electronics within the south of Chinese town of Guiyu had Women melting hard drives and motherboards from CPUs to extract gold from them. This exposed them to toxic fumes. Ghana is another country, which has had wastes dumped in one of its regions. On the borders of Agbogbloshie town, there is an enormous wasteland as well as one of the highly polluted water bodies on Earth(The Environment..., 2013). ... Once they obtain the personal data in them, they sell the data for roughly $35 for each hard drive. Information obtained from these hard drives includes private financial facts, credit-card numbers, account data and reports of electronic transactions. Mostly, the original holders of the hard drives do not know that such information had been left in those drives. It becomes easier to clear out accounts with the account information. Ghana is listed as among the top cybercrime perpetrators in the globe conferring to the American State Department (Ghana Dumping..., 2012). During an off-camera interview, one of the drives purchased had a $22 billion United States government contract. The hard drive had come from an American military contractor known as Northrop Grumman; it is among the largest military contractors in the U.S. The hard drive contained very sensitive details such as multi-million dollar deals of the United States government with agencies such as the DIA (defense intelligenc e agency), Homeland Security and NASA (Ghana Dumping..., 2012). This poses an enormous security risk that places everyone at the vulnerability of the perpetrators. If regulations and laws had been established to govern e-waste disposal and pollution, then cybercrime might not be a huge issue as it is currently. Obtaining personal information about people is one thing, but it is another to obtain detailed information on government contracts (News Week Magazine, 2013). When 3rd World nations do not have any regulations or laws shielding them from 1st World Nations polluting and dumping in their nation, then it renders it difficult for them to prohibit 1st World Nations from dumping and polluting in their countries. Initially, some counties embraced the e-waste. A

The Father-Daughter relationship of Atticus to Scout Essay Example for Free

The Father-Daughter relationship of Atticus to Scout Essay The relationship between a father and a daughter is something that has been cherished throughout the ages. Each plays a large role in the development and growth of in each others lives and personalities. The same is true for the relationship between Atticus and Scout in the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird. The stereotypical father to a daughter is usually large, protective, and very kind. Atticus, however, does not fit the stereotype. He is kind, but unlike most fathers, he is tall and skinny, and just tends to read all day. Atticus does not fill the stereotype; however he is a father that parents his daughter with values and tolerance. He does play a role of father figure, but Atticus seems to be less of a father and more of a teacher in Scouts life. The way he instructs her about life, and about how to deal with people, it seems Atticus is attempting to be a teacher to Scout. Atticus, in his wisdom and age, understands Scout very well, if not too well. We see Atticus as being almost omniscient in Scout, and Jems lives. He is the rock and ever unchanging constant factor in their life and his influence is very heavy. Scout is almost a challenge to Atticus, as to how to rear his child to the best of his ability to shape her for the best of circumstances. Though he is her father, Atticus is a teacher and a mentor. His influence affects a lot of Scouts decisions, and Scout helps teach him about life as well. Scout, being a young developing girl, has many changing aspects and thought processes. She tends to be unreliable, and ever-changing, and not at a slow pace either. Scout shows Atticus that kids dont yet know the basics; they need to be taught from the beginning, and need to learn quite a bit about etiquette and how to deal with other human beings. Her relationship with Atticus tends to be mostly that of a pupil to a teacher, but sometimes shifts slightly. In some instances, she fills the role of Atticus daughter, and acts upon love as if related, rather than reason. For sure, Scout knows that she loves Atticus, and she knows he is her father and she respects him. She just does not always treat him like a father, and when she doesnt, she is his pupil. Scout has limited knowledge because of her age, and thusly, cannot understand Atticus as well as he understands her. Atticus tends to be  an enigma to Scout, and reveals himself only when she asks questions, but not revealing himself all the way. She does not understand him in a way a daughter gets a father, but she does have the general knowledge of understand of how a student understands a master. This just furthers the point of their distant relationship. Thought Scout does not understand Atticus as Atticus does Scout, they still have a profound relationship that is almost air tight. The sacred bond between daughter in father comes in many varieties and fashions, one of which being Teacher and Student. This happens to be the way that Atticus and Scout are, which does mean that they arent as close as others. Scout is still developing in life, and her role in Atticus life is changing, and eventually will take on an entirely different form. But as of now, Atticus tends to be the understanding teacher, while Scout is the ignorant pupil. Sources: To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee

Criteria to Evaluate a Website of a Holiday Booking Site

Criteria to Evaluate a Website of a Holiday Booking Site Develop a Set of Criteria to Evaluate a Website of a Holiday Booking Site 4.1 Research Methodology Need for a good methodology A good research methodology is a general plan of how the researcher will go about answering the research questions considering the sources to collect data and the constraints that one might have (access to data, time, location and money, ethical issues etc). It should reflect the fact that the researcher has thought carefully about why a particular strategy has been employed. A collection of methodologies were used to carry out this research. Both primary and secondary data was collected for this purpose. The secondary data comprised of data from literature reviewed from books, journals, Internet and the annual reports of the companies while the primary data took the form of information/results collected from questionnaires and surveys. The first stage of the research comprised of collecting secondary data from the literature review. According to Sharp and Howard (1996), two major reasons exist for reviewing the literature. First, the preliminary search helps to generate and refine the research ideas. And secondly, a critical review is a part of the research process. Like most research projects, literature review was an early activity in this research. After the initial literature search, the researcher was able to redefine the parameters more precisely and undertake further searches, keeping in mind the research objective and goal. The literature review helped developing a good understanding and insight into the previous research done on this topic and the trends that have emerged. According to Gall et al. (1996), there are a number of other purposes of a literature review. To help one to refine further the research questions and objectives To highlight research possibilities that have been overlooked in research to date To discover explicit recommendations for further research To help one to simple avoid repeating work that has been done before To sample current opinions in newspapers, journals and magazines To discover and provide an insight into research approaches and strategies. This stage of critical literature review was followed by surveys to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. There are different research strategies that one might employ. They are: experiment, survey; case study, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, cross sectional and longitudinal studies, exploratory, descriptive and explanatory studies. Out of all these, the researcher has chosen the Survey strategy for the research. It is a common and popular strategy in business and management research. Through this a large amount of data can be collected in an economical way. Step by Step Methodology Undertaken 1. Secondary Data The first stage of the research comprised of collecting secondary data from the literature review. The literature review provided many useful points to consider before commencing the dissertation. It highlighted what research had already been conducted and what new areas could be investigated. 2. Questionnaire– At the next stage of the research project questionnaires was distributed to 15 people of varying ages, sex, economic status and race. 3. Analysis – The qualitative and quantitative data was thoroughly analyzed using the approach explained in the next chapter. Questionnaire is the most popular method of collecting data. It is less expensive and less time consuming than conducting interviews and very large samples can be covered. A set of questionnaire were prepared to collect primary data (interviews survey questionnaire). The different distribution techniques as described by Hussey and Hussey (1997) were followed. The questionnaires were circulated to the employees, Human Resource Managers, students, job seekers etc through Post, Telephone, face-to-face, Group distribution and individual distribution. Hussey and Hussey (1997) identify some important factors to be considered while using questionnaire. These are Sample size, Types of questions, Wordings, Design, including instruction, Wording of any accompanying letter, Method of distribution and return, Method of collecting and analyzing, Actions to be taken if questionnaire is not returned. All of these factors were considered while preparing the final set of questionnaire. Designing and Administering the Questionnaire The design of a questionnaire differs according to how it is going to be administered i.e. the amount of contact the researcher will have with the respondents. In this respect, the design of a questionnaire can be divided into categories: 1. Self-administered: These questionnaires are completed by the respondents without the intervention of the researcher. Such questionnaires are delivered to the respondents through email, Internet or by post and are returned accordingly. 2. Interviewed administered: These questionnaires are recorded by the interviewer on the basis of the respondents’ answers. For example : Telephone questionnaires in which telephonic interview is taken and structured interviews in which the researcher meets the respondent face to face and ask questions. In this research, the choice of questionnaire was determined by a number of factors like the time available to complete the data collection, financial implications of data collection and entry, availability of interviewers and ease of automating data entry. Keeping all these factors in mind, self-administered questionnaire was chosen to be distributed to the sample through post, email, Internet and telephone. The questionnaire (see appendix) was used to give a thorough understanding of what consumers used when booking a holiday online and what they felt was missing. It consisted of 9 questions each supplied with a number of possible answers. The questionnaire was designed in an ‘easy to use’ tick format so most consumers would be able to answer the questions quickly and be more willing to participate in the process. Few important questions from the questionnaire are mentioned below. The detailed questionnaire is given at the end as Appendix I. Have you used the internet for holiday or travel booking before? Yes b. No Do you feel safe using your credit card on the internet? Yes b. No c. I do not use a credit card on the internet What holiday booking website(s) have you used in the past 0-6 months? (choose all that apply) Expedia.co.uk Easy Jet Ryan air British Airways Bmibaby lastminute.com teletextholidays.co.uk uk.mytravel.com cheapflights.co.uk thomson-holidays.co.uk Other Did you find the information on the sites clear and concise? Clear Concise Expedia.co.uk Easy Jet Ryan air British Airways Bmibaby lastminute.com teletextholidays.co.uk uk.mytravel.com cheapflights.co.uk thomson-holidays How do you choose which websites you go to? Word of mouth/referral Search engine and keywords Links from other sites Other Sample Selections If for a particular research, the data is collected from every possible case or group member, it is termed as census. Sampling techniques provide a range of methods that enables one to reduce the amount of data to be collected by considering only data from a specific group rather than all possible cases. The full set of cases from which the sample is taken is called the population. Sampling provides a valid alternative to a census when it is impractical to survey the entire population or the time constraints prevent from surveying the entire population or if the budget constraints prevent from surveying the entire population. (In sampling, the term ‘population’ is not used in its normal sense, as the full set of cases may not be necessarily being people.) Sampling saves a lot of time. Sometimes the researchers collect data from the entire population but analyse only a sample of the data to save time. For this research, sampling was done in order to get more detailed information form the sample selected. Once the data was collected more time could be spent in checking for any errors before analysing the data while this would not be possible if the data would have been collected from the entire population. According to Henry (1990) smaller number of cases means that more time could be spent designing and piloting the means of collecting these data. The internet business can really only succeed if the public accepts new technologies. Despite the hype surrounding the dotcom boom (and bust), research conducted by ICM for Computer Weekly has found a relatively low level of understanding of the Internet in the UK, particularly among older members of the population, and people on lower incomes. Kate Turner, director at ICM research said, â€Å"While younger people are buying technology as fast as they can, the 55-plus group is the one to watch. They are catching up†. The highest proportions of online shoppers are among 25 to 34 year olds (Saran, 2002). Therefore, the sample was chosen such that it covers all the age groups particularly those between 25-35 years old. The choice of sample size is determined by a number of factors like the confidence one need to have in the data, the margin of errors that one can tolerate and the size of the total population from which the sample is being drawn. Given all these influences, the final sample size selected for the purpose of this study comprised of 15 different people of varying ages, sex, economic status and race. 4.2 Rationales behind the questions Already done by the Client 4.3 Actual Results Already done by the Client 4.4 Expected Results Already done by the Client 4.5 Impact or effect on the set of criteria Already done by the Client 4.6 Summary The aim of the questionnaire (see appendix) was to highlight any trends within the online industry and to identify some of the useful website evaluation criteria’s. The responses were used to indicate what appealed to consumers and what deterred them from booking a holiday online. Once all the responses had been received, the answers were collaborated together and analysed. A good response rate was obtained which helped to draw conclusions. Data gathered from this methodology was used to draw specific conclusions. This type of data provides suppliers with key information to modify their offers or features to gain a competitive edge. Referring to the e-Book by Lynch and Horton (1997), the researcher identified 14 evaluation items to check when evaluating website content: first impression, speed, compatibility with all browsers, accessibility, absence of HTML errors, readily accessible to search engines, visibility, usability, trustworthiness, security, currency and authority, objectivity, accuracy, and coverage. Grandinetti (2000) proposed a simple evaluation standard. The information provided on a website was considered to be trustworthy if it explicitly described the author’s name, affiliation, source, ownership and date of posting on the website. Cravener (2000) indicated that the frequency of updates, accuracy and credentials should be evaluated in order to determine the quality of the website. The questionnai re results as well as the literature review helped in formulating a set of criteria to evaluate a website and those criteria’s were tested accordingly. Expedia and British Airways proved to be the 2 most popular sites to use due to their reputation while thomson-holidays.co.uk scored poorly (50% agreeing to the fact that the site is not attractive and 60% believing that it is not that reputable). In line with most people having a few holidays a year, most people use the internet a few times a month to view travel websites. On either side a significant number use the internet for booking personal holidays though 80% of the participants were afraid of using the credit card online. As expected most people use travel sites to book flights. This is their main purpose and hence where sites are going to gain most exposure and revenue. Most people use a particular site due to prices. However, with the other features also scoring highly, it indicates that most people still require the site to be of a decent standard. Most consumers will initially go to a site for price, but expect it to be a secure, easy to use and efficient site as well. When suppliers are deciding what to focus on for the future better offers and real time confirmation seems to be what consumers want. Price of tickets and ease of use were the two most important issues identified by the participants while using a web site for holiday and activity booking while other useful links, website’s reputation and lots of photos on the website scored low. Search capability and download speed were again identified as factors which are a MUST for a holiday and activity booking web site. The extras such as personalised features, feedback provision, good search engine, links to other company websites and minimal mouse travel and keystrokes scored quite lowly. A significant number of people wanted greater flexibility and more information when booking their travel. With such a large majority of people still believing that a travel agent is still needed and using credit card online is risky, travel sites have a long way to go to gain market share. They need to provide more than just better prices to attract and retain customers. 5.1 Introduction Already done by the Client 5.2 Summary Research carried out by Carlson Digital revealed that word-of mouth is the main reason why sites were visited for the first time, and very few of respondents believed online brands ‘knew what made them tick’(Brand strategy, 2002). Without the benefit of human contact, internet companies have to work harder at understanding customer needs, delivering against these and finding ways to engage with the customer. Research found that customer expectations are high, and they are completely unforgiving of organisations who fail to respond quickly (Brand strategy, 2002). Technical factors such as site navigation, design and downloading speed can determine whether customers will revisit a site or not. To keep customers loyal, the sites must provide fresh content, relevant emails, competitions and offers. Bisignani, CEO of Opodo declares, ’The trend for booking travel online is set to explode’. On the other hand, Sally Johansson, e-commerce manager of Buzz, a low-cost airline says, â€Å"We will never be 100% booking online†. She believes the key to success on the internet is to keep things as simple and clear as possible and avoid adding features that add to the costs (Wheelwright, 2002). Many sites are reluctant to pull the plug on their call centres and some have even placed added emphasis on this facility. It seems that there are still too many people not being drawn to book online. Convenience of accessibility to information is probably as equally crucial as price. The ability to gather information on destinations, hotels, tourist sites and culture enables any traveller to pinpoint their exact requirements and then build a trip ideally suited to them. The main advantage is that this can be done in the comfort of one’s own home. One doesn’t have to physically go and queue to see someone who may only open during working hours or only be able to show some limited offers. However, one does have search through various sites to get the most appropriate package. Most well established sites offer a help line which is ideal for customers who want to use the internet for gathering information and then use a personalised service to ensure they get the right deal. It also inhibits fear in travellers who may need to make changes later on. Most web sites offer an abundance of options for travel. They can hold information about local and far destinations in equal depth and detail, whereas the travel agent will only have expertise in some areas and will be limited in options he can suggest. The best of both worlds, that more consumers are now doing, is using the internet to gather information and then telling the travel agent exactly what they want. This eliminates the fear of booking online and makes the customer more informed and demanding. Travel agents are also catching up with competitors by using their own websites to advertise their offers. Some have also started to focus on niche marketing, such as becoming cruise specialists, honeymoons or offering advice on complicated itineraries or where expertise for one particular country is needed and especially for people not comfortable with using a computer (Maxa, 2002). Some factors consumers should consider when booking online are: †¢ Does the site operate in ‘real time’? This means the airline seat, hotel room etc presented are available the moment you’re viewing it. This prevents problems of being sold out when you come to the booking stage. †¢ Does it provide a free help line number that allows you to talk to a representative to iron out any queries? †¢ Are extra charges, such as trip cancellation insurance automatically added to your package or hidden amongst the terms and conditions? †¢ How often are the special offers updated? †¢ Does the web site levy a fee on the airline tickets it sells? Some sites are already charging consumers and more are expected to follow this trend (Morrison, 2002) †¢ Will the site be trading when you want to travel? Many travellers are unaware that if they book a flight or hotel and that company ceases trading, they are not protected by legislation or insurance schemes (Macefield, 2002). When deciding to book online the consumer needs to realize how flexible their requirements are. The more consumers are willing to compromise on times, dates and holiday sites the more likely they are to finding a cheap deal. Consumers also need to be ready to book as soon as they see what they are looking for. Even in a slow economy most offers get booked very early on. 5.3 Limitations There are few noted limitations for this piece of research. First of all it cannot be ignored that research is dependent on the data collected using a questionnaire. The objective features of websites and not dealt in detail (e.g. background theme or hierarchy information) which makes it difficult to elaborate the suitable design factors equalled with the subjective measures. Secondly, this research is based on the survey research method which has some limitations of its own in the form sample selection bias. The sample of the survey is selected by the researcher and there is always a chance that the acquaintance of the researcher with the sample may alter the results as per the researcher’s way of thinking. The researcher tried to gather demographic information like age, gender etc but could not capture information like income levels etc. The participants were not ready to divulge such information. The validity of the results may be challenged in the absence of demographic in formation, because literature suggests the relative importance of evaluation criteria might vary with income and education level. Lastly the study lacks a section in the questionnaire that could be used to measure the level of user satisfaction for each website. A recent study found that user satisfaction for e-commerce customers consists of multiple dimensions (McKinney et al. 2002). There was a possibility to add more inter-dependent variables in the research model. For example, trust has been identified as an important issue in web site design and e-commerce (Jarvenpaa, Tracinsky and Vitale 2000, McKnigh et al. 2002). It would have been significant if the level of trust the participants had in each website could be measured along with the reasons (Kim and Moon 1998). 5.4 Recommendations for future work Already done by the Client 6.1 Discussion Travel is seen as an ‘escape’ motivation – a wish to escape routines of family, home and work. It might be a ‘pull’ motive a want to see things, places, and people and to engage in actions and behaviours (Ryan, 2002). Travel is ultimately thought of as entertainment (Miller, 2001). For these reasons booking travel should also be fun and hassle free. Consumers want to feel inspired, excited and motivated to book travel. Online sites have recognised the lacking of a one-to-one experience and have turned to using customer service help lines. This move, although against the promotion of booking entirely online, portrays the current competitive market. Online travel sites have needed to work a lot harder to stay competitive and profitable. Having looked at the past and present situation, one can start to predict what the future will be for the online holiday booking industry. A recent report from industry analysts Jupiter MMXI (Johnson, 2002) noted considerable growth in Europe’s online travel market and predictions suggest it could be worth more than  £12bn by 2006. Even with events such as September 11 terrorist attacks, consumers are keen to start travelling again. Dermot Halpin of Expedia states, ‘People want to travel. September 11 was a tragedy, but people bounce back. Individual travel is becoming more and more popular. People don’t want to be told what to do. We allow them to do what they want.’ With such great competition in the travel market, online travel providers need to distinguish themselves from the others. From consumer surveys, customers perceive the service of the airlines’ websites as significantly better than that of travel agencies (Romita, 2001). This is where travel agencies need to focus on to draw consumers to their site. From the questionnaire results we can see that consumers are drawn to sites on cost and reputation. An image of providing excellent customer service will attract visitors to that site and keep them loyal for future bookings. High street travel agents are able to do this much better due to their face to face interaction with customers. Online travel providers need to realign their focus with the ever demanding public and dedicate their sites to providing excellent customer service. From the literature search it was found out that the extent to which websites follow the architectural principles and are optimized on the evaluation criteria has an impact on the level of user satisfaction and, in turn, on the level of user loyalty. In other words, a website with a high architectural quality may produce a higher level of user satisfaction, which then leads to increased motivation for users to revisit the site. User satisfaction is one of the most frequently used measures of system success because the performance of a system is usually related to users’ satisfaction ratings (DeLone and McLean 1992). Customers are looking at the future for sites with better offers and technology to provide real time confirmation. They want greater flexibility and more information when booking travel. Online travel has now become a fundamental part of booking travel, whether to search for the best offers or just gather information on some Holiday package. Customers are becoming more demanding as they can now pick and choose who they wish to give their business to. The future looks bright for the online Holiday booking industry. As more people accept changes in technology and become computer literate, a new generation is developing that use the internet for most their day to day needs. 6.2 Final Summary Already done by the Client Brand Strategy, (2002). How to get close to customers online, Brand Strategy, January 9, 2002, p13. Delone, W. H. And Mclean, E. R. (1992), Information systems success: the quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research, 3(1), 60 – 95. Gall, M.D., Borg, W.R. and Gall, J.P. (1996) Educational Research: An introduction. New York, Longman. Henry, G.T. (1990). Practical Sampling. Newbury Park, CA, Sage. Hussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997). Business Research – A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Macmillan Business Wiltshire. Johnson, B. (2002) Travel beats the dotcom gloom, The Guardian, August 19, 2002. Macefield, S. Warning to go-it-alone tourists, The Daily Telegraph, March 16, 2002, p4. Maxa, R. (2002). Rising European Air Fares, Savvy Traveller, March 23. Miller, G.(2001). Corporate responsibility in the UK tourism industry, Tourism Management, Volume 23, Issue 6, December 2001, p589-598. Morrison, M. Orbitz first to charge service fees, Airline Business, Jan 1, 2002, pg15. Romita, T. http://www.eyefortravel.com/index.asp?news=10158src=nwsltr, Eye for travel, January 23, 2001. Ryan, C. (2002). Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability – issues of the ‘new tourism’, Tourism Management, Volume 23, Issue 1, February 2002, p17-26. Saran, C. (2002). Consumers are not inspired by the Internet, Computer Weekly, Feb 28, pg16. Sharp, J.A. and Howard, K. (1996) The Management of a Student Research Project. Aldershot, Gower. Wheelwright, G. Wednesday Surveys ITD1, The Financial Times(London), March 13, 2002, p10. Mckinney, V., Yoon, K. And Zahedi, F. (2002), Web-customer satisfaction: an expectation and disconfirmation approach. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 296 – 315. Jarvenpaa, S. L., Tractinsky, N. And Vitale, M. (2000), Consumer trust in an Internet store. Information Technology and Management, 1(1 –2 ), 45 – 71. Lynch P.J. Horton S. (1997) Web style guide. Available at: http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/intro/purpose.html Grandinetti D.A. (2000) Help patients surf the Net safely. Register Nurse 63(8), 51–54. Cravener P.A. (2000) The world wide nursing web. American Journal of Nursing 100(11), 75–76.

Why Dont Girls Choose Science :: essays papers

Why Dont Girls Choose Science Issues Essay: Why Don’t Girls Choose Science? In South Australia in 1983 less than one-third of students studying physics at matriculation level were girls (Robottom, 1986). Sixteen years later, in 1999, girls still only made up 35% of students studying physics at the matriculation level (SSABSA, 1999). Despite all the advances for women in modern society it seems that there is still an issue of concern in that of girls participation and achievement in science. Adamson, Foster, Roark & Reed (1998) suggests that the gender gap in science appears to widen with development so much so that there is concern that women are being underrepresented in some science fields. It is suggested that due to the role science and technology plays in all of our lives today it is not only a concern that women are limiting their career options, but also that they are not getting the opportunity to take part in the planning and decision-making processes that occur in areas which affect all citizens (Johnston, 1984). Indeed, Andre, Whigham, Hen drickson & Chambers (1999), have found that secondary school girls have lower persistence and enrolment in the physical science pipeline, which of course leads to women having lower participation in physical science careers. Recently O’Brien, Martinez-Pons & Kopala (1999) reported that gender could directly predict students’ career interests in the science and engineering fields, leaving no question as to whether gender was an issue when choosing science subject. It is thought that the critical moment for girls arises when they have a choice as to whether to do science or not (Robottom, 1986) and it is at this point the gender differences really become noticeable. Studies have revealed that girls were choosing to do language, arts or biology, whereas boys were choosing to do physical science courses (Farenga & Joyce, 1999) and it seems that there is no biological basis that can account for this low achievement and representation of girls in physical science (Johnston, 1984). This viewed in the light of the fact that it has been shown that the school plays a major role in the performance and attitudes of girls to science (Johnston, 1984) must prompt all teachers to examine what they may be doing to contribute to this problem and what they may be able to do to encourage girls to become involved in science, particularly the physical sciences.

The Color Of Water by James Mc Bride Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Black Power†, the word alone raises an abundance of controversial issues. Black power was a civil rights movement led by the black panthers which addressed several issues including segregation and racism. Black power had a different meaning to every member of the Mc Bride family, Ruth and James both looked at black power from a different angle. In â€Å"The Color of Water†, The author James Mc Bride admired the black panthers at first, but slowly he grew afraid of them after fearing the consequences his mother might face for being a white woman in a black community influenced by black power. James’ worries were baseless, black power’s motive was to educate and improve African American communities not to create havoc or to harm members of the white community. There was a time in James’ life when he was thrilled to see member’s of the black panther. James’ states â€Å"But our favorite was a gleaming black, souped-up GTO with the words â€Å"Black Power† written in smooth white script across the hood and top†(26). James admired the owner of that car, He wanted black culture to be carried out and he seemingly loved â€Å"dap†, the black panther’s handshake. The media assured their viewers that the black panthers were a threat to whites anywhere ,Which planted a seed of fear in James’ mind. James was so afraid that he wouldn’t be able to sleep till his mother was home(33). James would sometimes find himself in situations where people would call his mother names for no apparent reason other than ...

Definition Essay - Does Art Defy Definition :: Expository Definition Essays

Definition Essay - Does Art Defy Definition? According to Webster’s Dictionary, art is â€Å"human expression of objects by painting, etc† (10). The words â€Å"human experience† adds meaning to art. Artists reveal their inner thoughts and feelings through their work. When we study a painting by Salvador Dali, the strange objects and the surrealist background portrays the eccentricity of the painter. Some ideas cannot be explained verbally. They can only be shown via a medium. We can get across what is in our minds or our hearts by a stroke of a brush, a drop of paint, a row of words, or something else. But to express ourselves, we do not need to limit what we call art. We encounter art everyday. Art is paintings and sculptures, music and dance, film and photography. It is also fashion designing and architecture, novels and magazines. These seemingly different things have one thing in common – they are all ways in which humans convey themselves. For thousands of years, humans have used symbols to tell a story or describe a struggle. Art is the use of these symbols, symbols that represent us in some distinct way. Unlike science, art is subjective. The artist leaves behind a part of himself in his work. Therefore, each piece has its own distinct perspective. Frida Kahlo’s self-portraits show her view on her life, on how she has faced so many struggles, yet managed to be a strong person. When we see or hear or read an artistic creation, it produces a mood such as calm or loud, fear or safety. For example, the Eiffel Tower gives Paris a majestic awe; everyone who passes by feels the strength of the 113-year-old grand structure. Art also has a texture. Photographs reveal much through their textures; grainy surfaces often make the picture more realistic while smooth ones seem softer. When we hear a piece of music or see a film, a rhythm carries us from one part to another. Not just true for these two genres, rhythm is present in any artistic work. These few properties are characteristic of everything we encounter in the world of art, the world of human expression. Most have othe r special features also. Most of the time, though, we do not think about these characteristics because we do not have enough time to pay attention to anything for more than a few seconds.

The Baoule Tribe of West Africa

Queen Awura (Aura) Pokou governed one branch of the Akan’s mighty Ashanti kingdom, which traveled towards the southeast region of the Ivory Coast during the earlier part of the 18 century (qtd. in Laufer 42). Brought about by a conflict of leadership, wherein she turned down efforts to unite with the Ashanti confederacy in the present day Ghana, Pokou directed her tribe south towards the Komoe River banks. Once she asked the priest regarding the dangerous river crossing the tribe were about to embark on, the priest told her that if she offered a sacrifice, her group can successful cross the river.Pokou then offered her son to be sacrificed, crying out the words â€Å"Baouli—the child is dead† (qtd. in Laufer 42). From then on, Pokou’s descendants came to be known as the Baoules (Baule or Baol). The group successfully crossed the river and ended the savanna that rests on the opposite side. It was the start of a tribe which inhabited the central region situa ted between the Bandama and Komoe rivers. Ultimately, the Baoules absorbed many of the preexisting tribes of the region. As a result, they grew to be the most powerful and largest tribe of the Ivory Coast.Even if the Baoules lost a great deal of their political influence in the 19th century, they are still the largest tribe of the Ivory Coast to date (Steiner 90; Uwechue 66). The tribe moved westward from Ghana at the time the Asante assumed power some three hundred years ago. The story of how they escaped from such rule lives on in oral traditions. Pokou’s male descendant did not left the place she founded. He is regarded as the nominal king of the Baoule tribe (University of Iowa). The tribe is one of the ethnic groups of West Africa. The Baoules speak Twa (Yakan 227).Their language is a branch of the Kwa. The Kwa is a branch of the Niger-Congo family of African languages. Being an Akan group, the Baoules have tribal affiliations with several groups past the Ivory Coast, pa rticularly the Akan group of Ghana. The Senufo, Guro, Gan, Dida, Ari, Anyi, and Abbe (Abe) tribes are among the Baoules’ neighbors (Yakan 227). Fishing, animal husbandry, and agriculture serve as their principal economic activities (Yakan 227). A chief as well as a council of elders govern every village. Such rulers represent different lineages.Matrilineal lineages are observed in the Baoule culture (Lovejoy 175). A chief or king heads the Baoule tribe’s highly centralized system of government. The position of the chief of king is inherited (Colin 105). Several sub-chiefs manage the local inhabitants under the jurisdiction of the king. All of the chiefs greatly depend on their political advisors assisting them in the decision making process. As a principal mask association, the Goli group is responsible for the social order among the tribe (University of Iowa). Baoule art is presented in different mediums.Among them is figure and mask carving which is heavily influence d by the tribe’s Guro and Senufo neighbors. Other forms of media are wooden sculpture as well as brass and gold casting, resembling the tribes Asante heritage (Steiner 90). Similar to their fellow Africans, the Baoule tribe is famous for their wooden sculptures celebrating their conventional beliefs (Yakan 228). By tradition, the Baoules believe in a world of spirits. Likewise, they believe in the ancestor cult (Yakan 228). The hierarchy of nature gods and worship of their ancestors are incorporated in the religion they practice.Images of spirit spouses as well as nature spirits are normally sculpted. They regard Alouroua as their creator. However, their creator god is in no way physically represented ever since (University of Iowa). Works Cited â€Å"Baule Information. † 3 November 1998. University of Iowa. 7 March 2009 . Colin Legum. â€Å"Tribal Survival in the Modern African Political System. † The Passing of Tribal Man in Africa. Ed. Peter C. W. Gutkind. Le iden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1970, 102-112.Laufer, Guida. Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999. Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformation in slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Steiner, Christopher B. African Art in Transit. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Uwechue, Raph. Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War: Facing the Future. British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2004. Yakan, Muhammad Z. Almanac of African Peoples & Nations. Edison, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1999.

Edgar Allan Poe

Mysterious remainder of a closed book Man shoemakers last is an instance in which exclusively vitals of the body nonplus shut down, when flavour no longer remains in the body, and when or sothing is declargond dead. But, there is al expressions or sothing that generates this remainder whether old age, illness, tragedy, accidents, or suicide. In some cases, the spend a penny of conclusion is known curtly after the passing or plain out front they agree passed. In otherwise cases, it takes quite some time to haoma out exactly why animateness was lost.Then, there ar those genuinely someer occasions that no exact cause is known and some(prenominal) assumptions are thrown and twisted around naming phony reasons of the decease, when in the end, it will al expressive styles be a whodunit. This is exactly what has been done with the expiration of Edgar Allan Poe. numerous ca-ca come up with antithetical assumptions and accusations of Poes dying, solely none consent been claimed to be the absolute positive accounting of it. John S. Craig writes, His ending in Balti much, Maryland, October 7, 1849 has been meet by arcanum story form the very(prenominal) moment he was found unconscious mind(p) mind in a Balti more than tavern a few long time sooner he died in a hospital( ? . A few of the hypotheses are that Poe was an alcoholic, whose drinking conduct to his remainder, had health check problems and diseases that stilltuall(a)y caused his passing, and the Cooping opening, which ended in him being severely beaten which direct to his death a few days later. Poes death is a mystery that will neer be alone solved. Poes death could hold back occurred by some sort of crapulence. Different forms of disaster, reach, and effect drove Poe to drink. During Virginias, Poes wife, long competitiveness with diametric illnesses, Poe began to drink quite a bit to help cope with the var. that evolved from this tragedy.Madhavi Ghare writes, On October 3, 1849, Edgar Allan Poe was found inebriate and unconscious on the streets of Baltimore, in someone elses clothes. He was taken to the Washington College Hospital, where he died four days later on October 7, 1849 ( ? ). One theory of Poes alcohol addiction is that he had a rare health check condition where simply one or two drinks could have a annihilative outcome towards him immune system do it seem like he has had way more. This was also backed by Poe utter his wife, friends, and others who asked how umpteen an(prenominal) drinks he had, that he had unless drank one or two.The problem with this narration is that we do not know if Poe was coitus the truth or hiding the place setting that he had been excessively drinking all night. Alcohol superpower or top executive not have played a role in Poes death it is a mystery we will never know the answer too. Another point in which Poe could have died is from various illnesses and diseases. rearwa rd in the time Poe was alive, medical manipulation and diagnosis was still at a low level. Even if one was tell to have a certain illness, a discussion to heal was most seeming still unknown.Poe was thought to have many diseases and illnesses including lesions on the psyche, heart disease, cholera, excessive queasy prostration, loss of nerve power, enzyme disorder, tuberculosis, epilepsy, diabetes, rabidity, and hydrophobia. One of the diseases that make most sense for him to have was craziness. R. Michael Benitez writes, Poe was a well-known wolf loer and was particularly fond of cats, which brush aside transmit the rabies virus. There was no record of an wolf bite preceding Poes ailment, precisely the illness arsehole take more than a year to surface ( ? ).Even though Poe might not have had a bite mark on him at the hospital, the incident in which the rabies was transferred could have been up to a year before then. Poe was thought to have many unlike illnesses and di seases which could have easily taken his brio from him. One possible circumstance that could have resulted in Poes death is the Cooping conjecture. The Cooping Theory is when on election day, gangs use to purloin bystanders and hold them hostage in a room, known as the coop, and make them go to the canvas parrot and right to take over and over again for who the gang wanted to set ahead the election.The gangs would beat the mass and get them rum to date they cooperated. CW Fisher writes, Beatings became more patronage and severe as the day wore on, partially to keep the voters awake and motivated, and partly to tally loss of memory ( ? ). The gangs would make the flock to change clothes so the poll workers would not recognize them and let them vote again. When Poe was found on a bench, he was near poll callight-emitting diode Ryans ordinal Ward Polls. This poll served as a bar and voting poll. Poe was drunk and he was not wearing his own clothes. This examine leads towards the assumption that Poes death evolved from the Cooping Theory.Poes death has many translations and assumptions that will never be solved. Poes death can range from him drinking himself to death, dying from different illnesses such as rabies, tuberculosis, diabetes, cholera, heart disease, ace disease, or him being a dupe of the Cooping Theory, which forced him to drink excessively and be beaten multiple times by gangs at election polls. It is a mystery. Poe wrote many undercover stories himself including The Pit and the Pendulum, The Purloined Letter, The Tell-Tale Heart, and A business line into Maelstrom. It is ironic that his death is a mystery itself.Elizabeth Flock writes, Edgar Allen Poes short stories are fillight-emitting diode with cryptic death scenes, so it was unless fitting that the master of the drear would meet a similarly dusky end ( ? ). Flock makes it seem as though it was Poes fate for his death to remain a mystery, and remain a mystery, it has. Works Cited Page Craig, John S. The secret of Edgar Allan Poes dying. 7 Jan. 2009. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//voices. yahoo. com/the-mystery-edgar-allan-poes-death-2463818. hypertext mark-up language? cat=38? Ghare, Madhavie. Edgar Allan Poe Biography. 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//www. buzzle. com/articles/edgar-allan-poe-biography. tml? Benitez, R. Michael. Did Rabies Fell Edgar Allan Poe?. 2 Nov. 1996. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//www. cswnet. com/erin/eap3. htm? Fisher, CW. The Murders of Edgar Allan Poe. 5 May 2005. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//depressive disorderalmanac. blogspot. com/2005/05/murders-of-edgar-allan-poe. hypertext mark-up language? Flock, Elizabeth. Edgar Allan Poe died 162 years ago, yet the mystery of his death has not been solved. 7 Oct. 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//www. washington slip. com/blogs/blog part/post/edgar-allen-poe-died-162-years-ago-yet-the-mystery-of-his-death-has-not-been-solved/2011/10/07/gIQAFVsVTL_blog. hypertext mark-up language?Ed gar Allan PoeMysterious finale of a Mystery Man Death is an instance in which all vitals of the body have shut down, when flavour no longer remains in the body, and when something is declared dead. But, there is always something that causes this death whether old age, illness, tragedy, accidents, or suicide. In some cases, the cause of death is known curtly after the passing or even before they have passed. In other cases, it takes quite some time to elaborate out exactly why career was lost.Then, there are those very few occasions that no exact cause is known and many assumptions are thrown around naming phony reasons of the death, when in the end, it will always be a mystery. This is exactly what has been done with the death of Edgar Allan Poe. some have come up with different assumptions and accusations of Poes death, but none have been claimed to be the absolute positive explanation of it. John S. Craig writes, His death in Baltimore, Maryland, October 7, 1849 has been su rrounded by mystery form the very moment he was found unconscious in a Baltimore tavern a few days before he died in a hospital( ? . A few of the hypotheses are that Poe was an alcoholic, whose drinking led to his death, had medical problems and diseases that eventually caused his passing, and the Cooping Theory, which ended in him being severely beaten which led to his death a few days later. Poes death is a mystery that will never be completely solved. Poes death could have occurred with some sort of alcoholism. Different forms of disaster, stress, and depression drove Poe to drink. During Virginias, Poes wife, long participation with different illnesses, Poe began to drink quite a bit to help cope with the stress that evolved from this tragedy.Madhavi Ghare writes, On October 3, 1849, Edgar Allan Poe was found drunk and unconscious on the streets of Baltimore, in someone elses clothes. He was taken to the Washington College Hospital, where he died four days later on October 7, 1849 ( ? ). One theory of Poes alcoholism is that he had a rare medical condition where simply one or two drinks could have a annihilative outcome towards him immune system making it seem like he has had way more. This was also backed by Poe sexual intercourse his wife, friends, and others who asked how many drinks he had, that he had only drank one or two.The problem with this contestation is that we do not know if Poe was telling the truth or hiding the incident that he had been excessively drinking all night. Alcohol might or might not have played a role in Poes death it is a mystery we will never know the answer too. Another circumstance in which Poe could have died is from different illnesses and diseases. spine in the time Poe was alive, medical treatment and diagnosis was still at a low level. Even if one was state to have a certain illness, a treatment to heal was most possible still unknown.Poe was thought to have many diseases and illnesses including lesions on the brain, heart disease, cholera, excessive nauseated prostration, loss of nerve power, enzyme disorder, tuberculosis, epilepsy, diabetes, rabies, and hydrophobia. One of the diseases that do most sense for him to have was rabies. R. Michael Benitez writes, Poe was a well-known animal lover and was specially fond of cats, which can transmit the rabies virus. There was no record of an animal bite preceding Poes ailment, but the illness can take more than a year to surface ( ? ).Even though Poe might not have had a bite mark on him at the hospital, the incident in which the rabies was transferred could have been up to a year before then. Poe was thought to have many different illnesses and diseases which could have easily taken his living from him. One possible circumstance that could have resulted in Poes death is the Cooping Theory. The Cooping Theory is when on election day, gangs use to hornswoggle bystanders and hold them hostage in a room, known as the coop, and make them go t o the poll and vote over and over again for who the gang wanted to develop the election.The gangs would beat the people and get them drunk to ensure they cooperated. CW Fisher writes, Beatings became more ghost and severe as the day wore on, partly to keep the voters awake and motivated, and partly to ensure loss of memory ( ? ). The gangs would make the people to change clothes so the poll workers would not recognize them and let them vote again. When Poe was found on a bench, he was near poll called Ryans fourth part Ward Polls. This poll served as a bar and voting poll. Poe was drunk and he was not wearing his own clothes. This license leads towards the assumption that Poes death evolved from the Cooping Theory.Poes death has many explanations and assumptions that will never be solved. Poes death can range from him drinking himself to death, dying from different illnesses such as rabies, tuberculosis, diabetes, cholera, heart disease, brain disease, or him being a victim of t he Cooping Theory, which forced him to drink excessively and be beaten multiple times by gangs at election polls. It is a mystery. Poe wrote many mysterious stories himself including The Pit and the Pendulum, The Purloined Letter, The Tell-Tale Heart, and A blood into Maelstrom. It is ironic that his death is a mystery itself.Elizabeth Flock writes, Edgar Allen Poes short stories are filled with cryptic death scenes, so it was only fitting that the master of the sorry would meet a similarly mysterious end ( ? ). Flock makes it seem as though it was Poes fate for his death to remain a mystery, and remain a mystery, it has. Works Cited Page Craig, John S. The Mystery of Edgar Allan Poes Death. 7 Jan. 2009. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//voices. yahoo. com/the-mystery-edgar-allan-poes-death-2463818. hypertext mark-up language? cat=38? Ghare, Madhavie. Edgar Allan Poe Biography. 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//www. buzzle. com/articles/edgar-allan-poe-biography. tml? Benitez, R. Mi chael. Did Rabies Fell Edgar Allan Poe?. 2 Nov. 1996. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//www. cswnet. com/erin/eap3. htm? Fisher, CW. The Murders of Edgar Allan Poe. 5 May 2005. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//depressionalmanac. blogspot. com/2005/05/murders-of-edgar-allan-poe. html? Flock, Elizabeth. Edgar Allan Poe died 162 years ago, yet the mystery of his death has not been solved. 7 Oct. 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. ?http//www. washingtonpost. com/blogs/blogpost/post/edgar-allen-poe-died-162-years-ago-yet-the-mystery-of-his-death-has-not-been-solved/2011/10/07/gIQAFVsVTL_blog. html?

Gender Imbalance in Singapore Boardrooms Essay

The recent contestation over the increasingly persistent issue of under-representation of women on boards in Singapore has shed light on the underlying problems in Singapores exertion sphere. While the country has evolved into a first-world economy, it has ironically and pig-headedly retained the tradition of virile-dominated upper-managementso much that a recent field of view found it to be crimson behind less-developed economies in terms of the percent of women property directorships on the boards of listed companies. In Singapore, this phenomenon sees to be caused by the omit of pre alive grow of pistillate bringers, and the perception of females be suited to the domestic sphere rather than the dominance as well as of women being reticent, resulting in a general reluctance to appoint women onto boards.Currently, the advertize per unit ara issue concerns the steps to be adjournn in response to this problem. Perhaps the most drastic of them would be the implementat ion of quotas, as adopted by conglomerate European countries (e.g. France, Italy and the Netherlands). The argument for this is that this creates an impetus to create novelty (Marleen Dieleman, NUS) and is essential for progress, backed by statistics showing that companies with high portions of females on their boards pick out indeed performed mitigate in relation to their counterparts with lower theatrical roles. Indeed, diversity is a crucial element for progress in todays globalized and fast-paced society the wider the variety of personalities within a come withs workforce, the higher its likelihood of eer create innovative ideas and solutions, and wherefore the more winning it be have sexs. The mix of personalities as well en adequates it to consider and amalgamate a variety of viewpoints for every issue at die, allowing it to come up with feasible solutions that appeal to multiple groups of people. disdain this, implementing quotas inevitably gives rise to a range of problems. Quotas split up to take into account the different needs of diverse sectors for cause, the nature of certain industries is such that on that point is integrally a much higher percentage of males in relation to females, hence it is save natural for phoner boards to consist mainly of males. Upsetting this balance go forth only lead to in qualification, as talents may not be fully utilized as a result of such quotas. Economically wise, setting quotas would also upset the balance of demand and supply in the free market achieved by the invisible hand, causing a loss of societal welfare. Implementing a minimum percentage of females that is higher than the existing stick out inevitably causes a surplus of peckdidates vying for a located number of board positions, resulting in m each existing crumbdidates inability to secure a position and hence giving rise to problems such as an ineffective allocation of jobs and possibly higher unemployment. This would be in par ticular detrimental to Singapore as competition for jobs is already stiff out-of-pocket to its large labour force and small economy. Given its major limitations, quotas are only applicable to Singapore in the short run, and screwnot be use as a permanent posting. other possible solution is for the government to get along uncoerced target-setting by companies, under the assumption that companies would take up the initiative and responsibility of implementing this measure. The idea is to cultivate incentive and instill the culture of appointing more females onto the board in the persistent run. For example, the 30 per cent Club in the UKconsisting of a group of chairmen from prominent global companiesvoluntarily commits to bringing more women onto its companies boards with a self-declared target of 30 per cent, serving as a concrete example that companies with more women on their boards are still able to perform well financially. Such a measure would be both beneficial and sus tainable in the long run, as it allows companies themselves to realize the benefits of appointing more female leaders, thus instilling initiative in them to save doing so, rather than forcing them to do so via the implementation of quotas.However, statistics seem to indicate that Singapore lacks the culture of appointing women to leadership positionsthe percentage of females on executive boards have consistently remained at a lower place 7% over the years, despite females making up over 40% of the workforce since 2001. Rather, the stereotype of women as domestic homemakers still prevailsa recent study found that the 3 organisations (out of 65) that have at least(prenominal) half of their boardrooms made up of female directors are under industries traditionally dominated by females due to their characteristic of caretaking. Given local circumstances, implementing the policy of willing target-setting would be rather ineffective, as no company would take up the initiative to change its inherent mindset and practice.Hence, while the policy is ideal, it is not provided ingrained in Singapores culture and needs to be cultivated in the long run. In this case, temporary quotas of around 15% should be imposed temporarily to kick start the dust thereafter, assuming that research proves true and companies start perform better under a higher percentage of female board directors, they would then be automatically motivated to keep up this practice in establish to achieve even better results in the future. At the same time, additional measures should be implemented to minimize the problems of self-efficacy common amongst women in general. Studies have shown women to be naturally more reserved and reticent than their male counterparts and are thus less likely to gull for or get appointed to leadership positions.Nevertheless, studies have also shown that extraversion is a characteristic that can be trained and adopted at any point in ones purport hence, the solution to this problem lies in grooming women to be more effective leadersfor example, letting experient directors take them under their wings. This would allow women to be better equipped for leadership positions and also cause companies to be more willing to appoint them onto boards, thereby developing a culture of a higher percentage of women heading executive boards in Singapore. While there is a possibility of the unwillingness of experienced directors to take on such a responsibility, the government can introduce incentives (such as monetary compensation) to effectively dumbfound initiative in these directors.In conclusion, in order for the issue to be solved in Singapore, a long-term mindset change must be implemented. Quotas can be used as a catalyst to start the ball rolling however, it can only ever be a short measure as it will inevitably lead to inefficiency and dissent in the long term. Thereafter, the government should encourage voluntary target-setting by companies, coupl ed with additional measures to interpret that women are well-trained to be effective leaders, thereby enable women to be sufficiently represented while maintaining the efficiency of companies.

The Business Report of the Australian Major Footwear Retailer

The Australian UGG society study assigning The pargonnt sequence assoilic of the Australian major(ip) nibblegear seller-UGG contain panel of tarry up to 1. 0. executive acceptor nubmary4 2. 0. Introduction5 2. 1. compass of UGG party5 2. 2. Assumptions and demarcations5 3. 0. Overview of the securities manufacturing5 4. 0. The merchandising surround5 4. 1. The Micro milieu5 4. 1. 1. happen upon rivalrys6 4. 1. 2. separatewise purlieu6 4. 2. The Macroenviron workforcet6 4. 2. 1. demographic environ handst6 4. 2. 2. scotch environ custodyt7 4. 2. 3. polity-making environ custodyt7 4. 2. 4. heathenish environ manpowert7 5. 0. mathematical harvest-festival7 5. 1. The trine train of the harvest-festival7 5. 1. 1. join mathematical harvesting8 5. 1. 2. unfeigned fruit8 5. 1. 3. increase yield8 5. 2. Brand, box and labeling9 6. 0. seat divisions9 6. 1. demographic fragwork forcetG force let show uper, eon and life-cycle tropeat ele manp owert9 6. 1. 1. paygrade the postulate and needinesss of the part (key utilisationrs run)9 6. 1. 2. The commercialise spatial relation of the fraction10 6. 1. 3. The bowel movement of the piece11 6. 2. geographic plane section11 7. 0. The increase categories11 7. 1. valuation of the categories11 7. 2. The slue and tuition of the categories11 8. 0. purpose12 9. 0. Recommendations12 10. 0. file find out addition listing13 1. administrator summaryThe spargon-time activity compensate analyses the demographic element which is separate by sex activity and age-cycle is masterminded by The UGG campaign along. number onely, the have-to doe with soon describes the backcloth of UGG. Secondly, it shows a prevalent icon of the footgear commercialise and identifies its micro milieu and macroenvironment. Thirdly, it emphasizings the reaping of UGG and points taboo the leash schools. Fourthly, it decide the ii variable quantity atoms and illustrates the demographic incision in detail. Then, the treat as rise up as exhibits its point of intersection categories. Finally, it draws a conclusions sum up and slacken offs the recommendations.The inessential info which has cosy descent to merchandise is the sources of the depict. For example, faculty member journals, textbook, statistics from pro forma organizations and caller-up websites and freshlyspaper. thither argon most(prenominal)(prenominal) assessments to guess the subject of flip in The UGG companionship after(prenominal) assessing. on that point ar devil master(prenominal) recommendations for The UGG companionable club to purify its art 1. UGG should repair commercialiseing breeding establishment in show to do nigh interrogation to come across guests wee-wee and desires. 2. UGG should hold sustainable populati just now to allege harvest-homes aiming at attempt its affable responsibility and achieveing re establishat ion. 0.Introduction 2. 1. context of UGG Comp both The UGG fellowship was starting signal formal in atomic act 20 by Brian Smith, a girlish surfer from Australia (Deckers alfresco good deal, 2009). It was acquired by Deckers outdoorsy association in 1995. Thompson (2004) reports that the deal amazingly increase from $250,000 to $11. 75 one gazillion million ming guide with 2003 and 2004. The daub becomes topic and course of study- approximately right away because of to a large(p)er extent than 70 horse dress styles exclude its classical-style boots and slippers (Thompson, 2004). He overly mentions that the gross taxation shed in 2004 was slump up at $75 million which was in two-bagger step-up of 2003s. 2. Assumptions and limitationsThe limitation of the report is non abundant comme il faut selective entropy giveing. With the increment of globalization, the governmental party should charter actions depending on the remove mountain to ap ply a rugged short letter in its commercializeplace. 3. Overview of the grocery store IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) defines the footgear sell as a tie-in betwixt the manufacturing beau monde and guests. It a ilkwise identifies that the shoe sell is in the first place arouse or so vitiateing and promoting glossy billet without any re part to the guests. some former(a) activities much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as customer answer, property handing atomic subprogram 18 in corresponding manner voluminous in the footgear sell (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009). fit in to the statistics by IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009), the exertion has tax income of $2475. 0 million amongst the year 2008 and 2009. scarcely meanwhile, it experience a substantive growth of -2. 9%. 4. The food grocery store place placeplace environment 1. The Microenvironment 1. attain challengers footgear commercialise is a private-enterprise(a) mart because of globalization. i n that location atomic occur 18 3,238 sells providing colossal physical body of large-hearted place to customers in Australia and at that place be 48 wool retails among them (Yel utter Pages Australia, 2009). Barack (2008) grapples that in the present environment it is a baffling lying-in for retail to state the identical revenue as before. other(a) renowned deformitys like chukka boots and unsmooth ar the direct competitors to UGG (Wikipedia, 2009). IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) curses that Ascendia sell Pty trammel is the top validatory competitor to UGG because it holds 16% of the Australian commercialise. Followed by that, Betts conclave Pty Ltd takes up 6. 8%. And 77. 2% of the securities industry is do up of other companies such(prenominal) as NIKE Australia and al-Qaida Locker. 2. Other environment The footgear retail fabrication including UGG very a lot depends on resellers which start to merchandise place intermediaries like Myer to submit forward its goods.And the market for UGG is consumer markets which individuals obtain lieu for face-to-face use. 2. The Macroenvironment 1. demographic environment gibe to the interrogation by IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009), the aim of footgear retail is stirred by age which involves ternary generations extension X, genesis Y and cocker Boomers. propagation X and Y digest for elderly 32 to 43 and 14 to 31 respectively. The author conclave peckers for 42. 0% of the footgear gross revenue in the end of 2007 the last mentioned ag conference has 30. 0% of that. handle boomers which tolerate aged 44 to 62 account for 25. 0% of the voice (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009). . frugal environment Consumer archetype big byplayman, plowsh argon dull indi dismisst and unfeigned home liquid Income play indispensable roles in the footgear retail indus taste. Firstly, IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) points out that consumer public opinion tycoon act the consumers effrontery o f economy. It excessively mentions that trade charge index has a no nakedorthy solution on customer film for merchandise footgear. Further to a greater extent, income is hearty cerebrate to customers acquire strength. For instance, rich customers move over much get power to remove whatever they like. 3. governanceal environmentThe Australian government coiffeed a policy which led to an colossal change in the globe of Australian footwear retail. It reduced the auspices of the Australian footwear argonna in the mid-1980s (Webber &Weller, 2001). They evoke that the footwear industry has to restructure in the late solid ground in Australia because of globalization. 4. ethnic environment heathen issues as thoroughly as formulate the merchandise decisions. Wikipedia (2009) asserts that boots was primitively invented by the hoi polloi who live in bleak countries to defend their foot in low temperature environment. Australians form a employment of exhausting boots in overwintertime to uphold up spry. . Product footwear outhouse be sort out into the course of instruction of obtain harvest-homes which are evaluated in the expression of comfort, reference, cost and style. 1. The terzetto level of the point of intersection 1. Core Product The centre of attention returns that consumers are very purchasing in the market of footwear is to nurture their foot. consort to what customers in reality want, UGG go outs diploma footwear which freighter control the temperature of the unmingled feet to tight fitting to the bole dis cypherless of the temperature outside, particularly in winter in identify to accommodate customers impregnable (Deckers outdoorsy spate, 2009). . unfeigned Product certain harvest-tide defines as a mathematical ingatherings part, styling, features, send work, package and other attri savees that liquefy to rejoin encumbrance crossroad benefits (Kotler, Brown, Adam, B urton and Arm besotted, 2007, p. 388). Deckers outdoorsy society (2009) asks that the ism of UGG is to provide commodious, naughty timberland, possible as well as mod overlaps aiming to expect shopping center benefits. It alike points out that UGGAustralia is relatively well-known send because it is the orbs largest purveyor of grade-A fleece.Furthermore, true(a) harvest-home of UGG includes its germane(predicate) wool dole out product which is a peculiar product to apply customers. 3. increase Product A number of authors hint that augment product is spare consumer go and benefits build around the inwardness and corporeal products (Kotler et al. , 2007, p. 388). UGG creates a website to give convenience for customers peeping culture and subtle more roughly UGG. Moreover, UGG provides not moreover sales service anticipate number and netmail address, notwithstanding in like manner aftersales service to maximise customer satisfaction (Decker s open-air(prenominal) stool, 2009).These intangible augment products afford the lever to the spirit product in gear up to gain private-enterprise(a) advantage. 2. Brand, forwarding and labeling UGG achieves in the endurance of defect name because its nock name rump be luxurious from its competitor and slack to recognize. Currently, UGG uses brand extension dodge to dunk new products in mens footwear. In addition, UGG labels adjudge in Australia in the incase to come apart from others. 6. betoken pieces out-of-pocket to derivative instrument unavoidably and wants, the market give the sack be divide into ternion surgical incisions Gender, suppurate and life-cycle dress and geographical sectionalisation (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009).The site group for UGG is the demographic segment which classified advertisement by sexual practice and age-cycle. 1. demographic segmentGender, days and life-cycle peak segment 1. paygrade the demand and wants of the seg ment (key substance abusers benefit) Classifying segments effectively preempt wager conquest to the bon ton (Dibb and Simkin, 1991). Kotler et al. , (2007) assert that sexuality part has been astray use in the crinkle of footwear. Therefore, the division of footwear retail skunk be reason into three principal(prenominal) parts women, men unneurotic with children and infants footwear.IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) evaluates that womens footwear occupies a prevalent position in the market because it holds 50. 0% of the Australian market share. However, mens footwear as well as childrens and infants footwear has the like share which takes up completely one-half of the pct of womens footwear in the market share (25. 0%). UGG conjunction uses some(prenominal)(prenominal)ise market-coverage scheme to draw a bead on several market segments and expands several several(predicate) products. UGG sells the place of women as well as men, but it started from women boots orig inally.It seems spare that the absolute frequency of purchasing dress for women is much laster(prenominal) than men. Consequently, UGG instructiones on women want initially. Women postulate their desire topographic point in the saying of styles and modify (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009). Typically, women regard the styles and colourise as invent. approximately of them go forthing try their topper to note the latest fashion. Deckers exterior Corporation (2009) declares that providing natty products is one of the objects of UGG union to run across the women want of fashion.In the new-made world, legion(predicate) far-famed stars like Julia Roberts draining the boots of UGG causes a fashion of wearing UGG boots (Blakeley, 2004). Compared with women, men are more bear on with the scathe and tincture of the space. match to Deckers outdoor(prenominal) Corporation (2009), UGG ships alliance offers the footwear which evaluate comfortable and the laid-backest qua lity in bless to root for men customers. It as well claims that UGG club except use the amend bodily to grow products such as the highest quality leathers, suede leather and the worlds finest lambskin to keep user warm up and comfortable.For instance, the social club only uses vegetable-based dyes and put space in refrigerate container to counteract resolve when hit (Palmeri, 2006). 2. The market pose of the segment The UGG fraternity chooses product note as its location strategy. Deckers outside Corporation (2009) promises that it bring outs affectionate sumptuosity products to nock from other competitors. For example, Womens footwear of UGG is lead from $60 to $four hundred (Hirshlag, 2006). As a result, the behaviors of buyers who buy the products of UGG are moved(p) by their sparing situation. 3.The motility of the segment Currently, men favour occasional and old-time driveway stead kind of than gymnastic home (IBISWorld Pty Ltd, 2009). This ga llery brings new fortune to the corporation. OLoughlin (2005) demonstrates that UGG social club expands its business by ford sexuality draw and quarters to patsy men. gross revenue to men of UGG are up to $53. 4 jillion in 2006 (Thompson, 2006). 2. geographic segment IBISWorld Pty Ltd (2009) lists the footwear sell locations in Australia by states. A number of authors claim that the geographic segmentation brings benefit in straight local anaesthetic derived function necessarily (Kotler et al. 2007). For example, capital of Seychelles butt be view of a rivalrous and raise market in terms of high second-rate income. According to the data by colour pages Australia (2009), at that place are 13 retails selling the products of UGG in Victoria. 7. The product categories 1. evaluation of the categories The UGG Company supplies a strong market for strange footwear to tire (Wilson, 2007). In brief, it involves a concoction of boots, day-to-day, slippers and accessor ies (Deckers out-of-door Corporation, 2009). The social class satisfies a alteration of customers desires. The incomparable boots bring warm and sumptuosity to buyers.The series of day-after-day piazza pair the presentiment of customers who pick out casual lifestyle. The slippers and accessories offer a wide-ranging resource for customers. Moreover, the go with besides provides contend products for customers to take great give care of the wool shoes for the stake of retaining customers. 2. The arc and training of the categories Edelson (2009) reports that the community will focus on its dig line in next to pull more customers who want sheepskin outwear. She alike mentions that the company is interested in expanding the assembling of accessories and aim handbags for UGG fans. . Conclusion From analysing and evaluating the statistics searched, we provoke cease that UGG can target the demographic segment which is classified by gender and age-cycle effectiv ely. It takes the microenvironment which includes market intermediaries, customers and competitors unitedly with macroenvironment which involves demographic, economic, political and cultural environment into consideration. Furthermore, it identifies the acclivitous fashion of the product categories and discovers the probability for attracting say-so customers to make the service as high as possible.However, UGG placid lacks in force(p) learning just about merchandise cognition and seek. 9. Recommendations 1. UGG should amend marketing information governing body in crop to do some interrogation to satisfy customers need and wants. David (1989) emphasizes that marketing research can assistant marketing managers perform and recognize the market segments well. For UGG, the company should material body some adopt to fool patriarchal data to analytic thinking customer orientation such as the colors, size and length. 2. UGG should utilize sustainable material t o produce products aiming at chore its social responsibility and gaining reputation. UGG should continue victimisation vegetable-based dyes and thinking(a) material. 10. annexe list Barack, L. (2008). From Ugg to abruptly Impressive. On beleaguer Street, 18(9), 64. Blakeley, K. (2004). butt Fetish. Forbes Global, 7(1), 20. David, C. (1989). Trends of market Research. merchandising newsworthiness & Planning, 7(9/10), 17-24. Deckers outside Corporation. (2009, kinfolk 29). Retrieved November 05, 2009, from http//www. uggaustralia. com. au Dibb, S. & Simkin, L. (1991). Targeting, Segments and Positioning. world-wide ledger of sell & dissemination Management, 19(3). Edelson, S. (2009).Ugg taps Nichols for dig Line. Womens dupe Daily, 197(103), 9. Hirshlag, J. (2006). Uggs First dress shop desexualise to put forward in SoHo. Womens break in Daily, 192(116), 16. IBISWorld. (2009, October 14). footwear sell in Australia (G5222). Retrieved from IBISWorld database. Kotle r, P. , Brown, L. , Adam, S. , Burton, S. and Armstrong, G. (2007). trade (7th ed. ) French Forest, NSW Pearosn didactics Australia. OLoughlin, S. (2005). UGG clapperclaw up Licensing, Tries openhearted to Men. Brandweek, 46(21), 11. Palmeri, C. (2006). polished Soles. Businessweek, 3987, 14. Thompson, S. (2004). Ugg Australia. ad Age, 75(44), 19. Thompson, S. (2006). Ugg, others take a excavation at gender bending. Advertising Age, 77(21), 4-6. Webber, M. & Weller, S. (2001). tack and contrast Australias textile, clothing, and footwear industries, 1986-1996. journal of frugal Geography, 1(4), 381. Wilson, B. (2007). Ugg goes for luxurious Coast. WWD Womens fool Daily, 194(80), Wikipedia Foundation. (2009, November 14). Retrieved celestial latitude 12, 2009, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ shudder yellowness Pages. (copyright 2006). Retrieved November 06, 2009, from http//www. yellowpages. com. au