How do Larkin and Abse present the idea of disappointment and loss? Essay

Both Larkin and Abse write poems about disappointment and loss but both having a different idea to how it is presented In ‘Home is so sad,’ by Philip Larkin, the idea of disappointment and loss is presented through a home. The form and structure gives off spontaneous thoughts and written in two quintains and each stanza containing 5 lines. Each line contains ten syllables with a basic iambic metre and containing internal full stops. The poem has a basic rhyme scheme of A,B,A,B,A and contains enjambermont in points throughout. The title in the poem is a bit ironic because ‘home’ is associated with a warm, safe, pleasant place and shouldn’t be associated with sadness. In the first quintain, Larkin writes about when a family leaves the house to go out, â€Å"Instead, bereft of anyone to please,† meaning the house feels lost and has nobody to please and â€Å"Having no heart to put aside the theft.† The noun ‘theft’ associates w ith robbery. This metaphor is that the house has been robbed of people, and not robbed in literal. In the second quintain the poet writes â€Å"long fallen wide,† this suggests hopelessness, the term â€Å"shot† is an attempt to make things how they ought to be. Through this poem we can see that Larkin doesn’t associate loss and disappointment with serious matters like family and relationships but a house and objects. However, Abse writes his poems to do with disappointment and loss about serious matters. In ‘A Winter Visit,’ by Dannie Abse, the poet writes about his mum who has now died. The rhyme scheme in the poem goes A,B,A which creates disharmony and is made up of five tursets with three lines. In the first stanza the poet says â€Å"neighbouring lights come on before it’s dark† which is a preparation for nightime when it goes dark which would mean a preparation for his mother’s death. In the third stanza the poet starts off with â€Å"I would die† which suggests loss and possibility which is then followed by â€Å"This winter I’m half dead, son† which signals to us that she is aware death is near. The fourth stanza is then started with a modal verb ‘Yet’ which suggest certainty that the poet can’t cry at the situation and then continued with parenthesis â€Å"(although only Nothing keeps)† which shows that everything changes. These show disappointment and loss because Abse is aware of his mother’s death and understands that his mother has come to terms with it but wants to stay strong for her sake. Which then goes on to describe â€Å"white coat not a black† the poet has deliberately stated ‘not a black’ because black is the colour associated with death and would be the ideal colour under these circumstances but the poet is wearing white because he is a doctor but he isn’t behaving like he’s at a funeral. The poet then goes on to finish the fourth stanza with â€Å"even here – and am not qualified to weep† meaning Abse is qualified as a doctor but isn’t qualified to cry in this situation, which a doctor is a job associated with death every day. In the last stanza we get the sense of disappointment when Abse writes â€Å"approximate things† which is something that is not specific when you’re talking generally, but meaning he doesn’t know how long she has left so he is avoiding the issue. Through this one poem we can see that unlike Larkin, Abse writes his poems with the themes of disappointment and loss about serious matters to do with family and beloved members to him which actually have a point. However, in ‘Reference Back,’ by Philip Larkin, he starts to use the theme of disappointment and loss but writes about a serious point, his mother. But to no surprise, we get the negative view as usual through his poems and his negative style of writing in his poems. The form and structure of the poem are made up of 3 stanzas; a sestet, 9 lines and 7 lines. The fact this poem has no usual symmetry creates a sense of disharmony which is unsatisfactory. The rhyme scheme is A,A,B,B which is made up of rhyming couplets and some half rhymes which brings regularity to the poem, and filled with enjambermont â€Å"you / looked so much forward to†. In the first stanza we get the repetition of the term â€Å"unsatisfactory† which is not positive as visiting his mum is becoming a bit of a chore to him and he doesn’t enjoy it. This is then followed by â€Å"Played record after record† which is almost like a routine and does this instead of communicating w ith his mum but does it â€Å"idly† meaning he put no effort in. The adverbial of place â€Å"Wasting my time at home† is juxtaposition and â€Å"you looked so much forward to† meaning his mum looked forward to it. This presents the idea of disappointment because Larkin isn’t entirely happy about having to go and spend time with his mum before she dies which any normal person would be happy about spending time with family and having memories whereas Larkin feels as though it is a chore and has no choice that he is ‘wasting his time.’ In the second stanza at the end, we get an oxymoron â€Å"unsatisfactory prime† which means he is unhappy ‘unsatisfactory’  but prime means positive. However, in the last, third stanza, we get the sense of disappointment mainly about memories for the future and in the past. Larkin starts off with â€Å"our element is time† meaning you can’t escape time no matter what and they are â€Å"not suited to the long perspectives /open at each instant of ou r lives.† This shows a point of view and that the poet is not comfortable for them to look too far ahead because he knows his mother will pass away and doesn’t want to look back on memories due to a broken home and being full of disappointments. We get the sense of loss in the last few lines through the plural noun ‘losses showing he had a boring life and the adverb ‘blindingly’ meaning you don’t see reality. Larkin then goes on to end the poem with â€Å"By acting differently we could have kept it so† which tells us that you can never keep the same no matter what you do. Through these three poems we can clearly see that both poets use the themes disappointment and loss in different ways and both with different views.

Challenges being faced as a beginning teacher

National Education ( NE ) was introduced to Singapore Schools in 1997 to develop national coherence, cultivate the inherent aptitude for endurance as a state and instil in our pupils, assurance in our state ‘s hereafter. It besides emphasises on cultivating a sense of belonging and emotional rootedness to Singapore. Many programmes such as Community Involvement Programme ( CIP ) and Learning Journeys were designed to assist schools accomplish such aims and the duty of put to deathing these programmes falls on the instructors. As a beginning instructor, freshly introduced into the profession, challenges are faced in the effort to implement such enterprises. In my sentiment, one major challenge that I would meet is planing activities that infuses a sense of relevance in our pupils – allowing them understand that national coherence is a consequence of the uninterrupted attempts of every Singaporean, and they are a portion of the equation. These pupils were born in the epoch of political and economical stableness, where bulk grew up in environments run intoing their demands and carry throughing most of their wants. Hence, they have the inclination to take their security and wellbeing for granted, doing them unable to grok the battles faced by Singapore in keeping the current success and stableness and the demand for NE. For illustration, most schools in Singapore commemorate nucleus event, Racial Harmony Day through the showcasing of the diversified cultural costumes and playing of cultural games to enable their pupils ‘ in-depth cultural cognition of their equals. Yet, a bulk of them treat the recollection of the twenty-four hours as an chance for an interesting concert and a half-day school, and few genuinely understanding the implicit in principle behind the activities, allow entirely instil a sense of relevance. Amidst the current racial harmonious atmosphere between different racial groups, pupils are unable to gestate the thought of racial public violences, its ‘ impact on Singapore and the importance of racial harmoniousness in a society. They view information relayed through these events as irrelevant and doubt the possibility of the return of such incidents in the current Singapore. It is of a common apprehension that the six NE messages would ever stay as words on paper unless instructors inculcate them into pupils in an piquant mode. Therefore, as a get downing instructor with no anterior experience in the ingraining of NE messages, I feel that the undertaking of planing engaging, merriment and relevant activities would be enormous, with myself holding unequal cognition of the activity thoughts that pupils are receptive to. Instilling a sense of relevance in pupils would be a immense challenge as it is non an easy undertaking to alter pupils ‘ deeply-rooted thought from â€Å" the duty of keeping national coherence autumn merely on the grownups and authorities † to the thought that â€Å" national coherence is the duty of everyone, including pupils † . Students should be taught that societal coherence occurs because each and everyone put in attempt and play our portion in lending to the wellbeing of the state. The issue is relevant to both grownups and pupils. From my personal observation, about all Singapore Schools repeat the same NE programmes for their pupils every twelvemonth, differing merely at the activities to be completed at single degrees. As such, pupils were bored of it, and older pupils particularly, expressed cynicism, and were unresponsive to the programmes. Hence, I feel that the 2nd challenge that I would confront as a get downing instructor in the effort to put to death the enterprises is eliciting pupils ‘ involvement in the engagement of NE-related activities. Unlike the traditional topics that we were taught to learn in the instruction institute, NE is non merely another topic where pupils learn by conventional instruction methods. In fact, pupils understand the constructs in NE better when the activities are prosecuting, merriment and capture their attending. Although pupils reflected that programmes designed by the school ‘s NE commission were everyday, get downing instructors, including myself, are unable to plan and implement new thoughts in topographic point of old 1s, with bing NE models in schools. On the contrary, I would be expected to follow the guidelines and present a similar NE lesson. As a get downing instructor with limited learning experience and teaching methods accomplishments, I would miss the ability in transform these guidelines into prosecuting and interesting lessons on par as that of the experient instructors. Most experient instructors are able to present interesting NE lessons, transforming the repetitive, dull lesson into prosecuting sharing lessons while staying by the guidelines. They reflected on their past instruction experiences, gathered feedback from old batches of pupils, and modified their instruction teaching method consequently to appeal to pupils ‘ involvement. Therefore, pupils ‘ involvements in NE activities are aroused and they participate actively in it. On the other manus, get downing instructors enter schoolrooms today with high outlooks of ourselves and of our pupils. Our learning method would be influenced by single background and assorted learning theories. However, the deficiency of experience in the instruction field would impact the quality of the lesson bringing as I would be unable to accommodate to pupils ‘ demands. In add-on, I would be given to avoid diverting from the model to plan newer, more exciting lessons as I fear for botching the ba lance between merriment and content. After all, the intent of the NE lesson would be defeated if there is more merriment than content. To reason, the aims of NE could be attained through appropriate programmes and it is therefore highly of import to instill a sense of relevance in our pupils and to elicit their involvement in NE activities. When faced with challenges in the effort to implement the policies, get downing instructors should detect, persevere and seek for aid to get the better of them. Through these challenges, we would turn to go better pedagogues and in bend, supply the greatest benefits to the pupils.

Consciousness & Coma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consciousness & Coma - Research Paper Example The words ‘consciousness’ and ‘coma’ are two different states of mind. If defined from a broader perspective, consciousness is the state of awareness of the self and coma is the state of complete unawareness. Psychologically ‘consciousness’ is deep rooted in man’s thought structure and his response to the surrounding. The faculty of the mind undergoes a subjective experience stimulating his senses. In the field of medicine, consciousness is determined by a patient’s response to medication and physical activities. Psychologically ‘coma’  is  the unconsciousness of the mind unable to perceive his own state and an unwilling suspension of the thought structure of the mind. To a doctor it is the patient’s nervous breakdown and retarding movement of the body and the mind due to any brain injury caused by a shock or accident. More specifically the patients in the situation of Coma tend to respond in a different man ner than as normal patients. The patients in the situation of Coma are found to communicate to the external world through some reflex movements of the body muscles. Coma patients are observed to make their muscle tendons stiff enough as to render some communicative signals to the outer world. This type of non-verbal communication patterns emerges from the patient’s increased involvement with the inner consciousness, which causes the happening of reflexive actions (Tomandl & Jacob, n.d.) The interplay between the conscious state of mind and the surroundings determine the consequences faced by the comatose patient. In order to understand the connection between the state of coma and consciousness it is important to identify the various states of the conscious human mind. The psychiatrists also deal with this joint study of consciousness and coma. Psychologists are interpreting these in various ways. Both the terms define opposite

Biography of Kurt Vonnegut Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biography of Kurt Vonnegut - Essay Example After the war, Vonnegut attended the University of Chicago as a graduate student in anthropology and also worked at the City News Bureau of Chicago. He described his work there in the late 1940s in terms that could have been used by almost any other City Press reporter of any era: "Well, the Chicago City News Bureau was a tripwire for all the newspapers in town when I was there, and there were five papers, I think. We were out all the time around the clock and every time we came across a really juicy murder or scandal or whatever, they’d send the big time reporters and photographers, otherwise, they’d run our stories. So that’s what I was doing, and I was going to university at the same time." Vonnegut admitted that he was a poor anthropology student, with one professor remarking that some of the students were going to be professional anthropologists and he was not one of them. According to Vonnegut in Bagombo Snuff Box, the university rejected his first thesis o n the necessity of accounting for the similarities between Cubist painters and the leaders of late 19th Century Native American uprisings, saying it was unprofessional. He left Chicago to work in Schenectady, New York, in public relations for General Electric, where his brother Bernard worked in the research department. Vonnegut was a technical writer but was also known for writing well past his typical hours while working. While in Schenectady, Vonnegut lived in the tiny hamlet of Alplaus, just across the Mohawk River from the city of Schenectady.

Why are solar cells not used today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why are solar cells not used today - Essay Example There are many options available to people and the time has truly changed, if a product is expensive and if people have better alternatives, why would people buy that expensive product especially when there are other good alternatives available. The case of solar cells is no different, the initial investment that goes into buying these solar cells is enormous and this is arguably the biggest reason that hampers the sale of solar cells across the globe. More and more people would buy it should the price be reduced a little; the price is one of the biggest factors, which has seen the demand of these cells drop sown to unprecedented levels. After throwing light upon the price of these solar cells, another important aspect is the aspect of recharging these cells. This task is very difficult and it becomes all the more difficult when it is a cloudy day or when a storm is just round the corner. It becomes impossible to charge these cells when the sun is not shinning, these cells can only be charged in the afternoon when the sun is brightly shinning. These cells can never be charged at night or at any time when the sun isn’t shining brightly. This is another major factor that stops the people from buying these cells. More and more people have started relying on oil these days and oil has successfully replaced these cells, one can sit back and rely upon oil to solar cells because solar cells require a lot of conditions and on the on the contrary, one can easily use oil when there is no electricity or when any other work needs to be done. â€Å"Yet, the most important disadvantage of residential solar power solutions for most people is that solar power equipments such as cells/panels, and their installation can be very expensive. Even though, the real cost of solar panels is anticipated to show a tendency towards decline in the future, the new technologies scientists currently work on (from chemical approach to biotechnology) are not going to be

Analysis of Soft Systems Methodology in Relation to Construction Essay

Analysis of Soft Systems Methodology in Relation to Construction Projects - Essay Example .................6 Methodology of SSM in Construction Project Risk Management.............................7 Limitations of SSM and Need to use Hard Systems..................................................8 References..................................................................................................................10 Analysis of the Soft Systems Methodology in Construction Projects Construction projects are complex processes that incorporate many skills, materials, and different operations (Sears et al, 2008). There is therefore a need for numerous skills and techniques to be put together to ensure the best results are attained, not only for the contractors but numerous stakeholders involved in the project. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) seeks to inquire about the perceptions and preferences of different stakeholders in a given construction project (Andrews, 2000). In other words, SSM is a method of giving some kind of legitimacy to a project by trying to understand th e desires and needs of various people who affect or are affected by the construction project at hand. SSM tries to investigate complex issues and problems that are not well defined on the basis of numerous stakeholder views and demands and upgrade the knowledge about a project and integrate them in the project (Checkland, 1999). Basically, SSM is a system of investigating and understanding the environment within which a construction project will be undertaken. ... Information is solicited from the various stakeholders through questionnaires or through external consultants. This information is collated and present to the project managers for incorporation into the full project. Merits of Soft Systems Methodology in Construction Projects Tayyab et al (2005) identify that construction projects face challenges that cannot be underestimated due to safety, competition and complexities. This is because the failure of a construction project can potentially lead to unimaginable fatalities that can have far-reaching effects on human lives. Secondly, competition in the building industry requires that all the stakeholders in a given project are satisfied otherwise there would be consequences for a construction company. Additionally, the harmonization of standards around the globe and the desire for high standards by various stakeholders in the world today require critical satisfaction of customer demands. Traditional approaches to the management of projec t systems that are focused on operations and technicalities are therefore not good enough any more (Tayyab et al, 2005). There is the need to satisfy all the needs of the various stakeholders to ensure that a construction project meets its objectives and does so very well. Soft Systems Methodology ensures that purposeful and deliberate action is undertaken to understand and upgrade the knowledge of the contractors to ensure that the construction project at hand is completed according to the demands of various stakeholders. The CATWOE model enables all the various stakeholder needs and demands to be put into perspective and honour them as the project is being undertaken.

Vessel electrical Distribution system Assignment

Vessel electrical Distribution system - Assignment Example These are vessels that apply complicated operational systems as extra precaution against accidents and that also needs effective management system, even employing well-tested computer software for electricity distribution and communication. Great example of modern large vessels are cruise ships, commercial and industrial ships and tankers, military ships, pipe layers, and drill, which have complicated electrical distribution systems with multiple generators, distribution boards, and significant essential services located throughout the vessel. The type of distribution system needs a power management system which is responsible for the automatic start/stop control of the generators, loads, and all interconnections inside the distribution ring. A ring-main configuration provides at least two power sources for each essential component. Electrical distribution and control systems become problematic sometimes due to the growing number of consumers and distribution units. In this scenario, we must be able to provide detailed attention on the complex distribution and control systems and a focus on the special operation and reliability. Working on these systems requires a collaborative effort as this is a real challenge for engineers and technicians. The crew who will operate need proper training. The worldwide shortage of qualified technical personnel affects the marine industry and superimposes the human factor on the operation issues. Engineering activities during the design of large distribution systems include the use of new modern tools, software packages, and often dynamic simulation analysis, all of which can lead to an increasing number of errors. One particular problematic area is the application of converters, which are related with so-called harmonic distortion. Converters need filtering equipment, which are quite expensive. Multiple installation or

Lupus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lupus - Essay Example Although a great deal of research has been dedicated to understanding this disease, there is no cure, but there are a number of treatments, particularly, in the area of physical therapy that has shown to have beneficial results. In a normal functioning immune system the body produces proteins called antibodies that will fight against antigens like, viruses and bacteria. Again, Lupus is an autoimmune disease, the disease confuses the immune system and it becomes incapable of differentiating between invading antigens and healthy tissue and internal structures, which can lead to, dependent of the type of Lupus, a number of symptoms including inflammation in joints, swelling of the skin, and damage to organs, including kidneys, heart, and lungs (Crosta , 2013). There are a number of types of Lupus. Neonatal Lupus s a rare type of Lupus that specifically affects newborns. Drug-Induced Lupus is, also, relatively rare. Unlike other forms of Lupus, whose origins and causes cannot be easily determined, is directly caused due to a side-effect of certain medications. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus results specifically in skin sores in areas of skin exposed to sunlight. Discoid lupus erythematosus presents as a perpetual skin rash, however, it is systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE that is the most common and the most systemically damaging in that it affects multiple systems including joints, skin and internal organs. When people refer to Lupus it is this type that they are most often referring to (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, 2009). There is no singular cause or cure for this form of Lupus. Researchers do believe that because it appears often in families there is likelihood of a genetic component, otherwise they believe the condition can be triggered by environmental factors, sunlight, stress response, and, again, some medications (Eustice,

Ethno Nationalist Terrorism Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethno Nationalist Terrorism - Personal Statement Example in Palestine, with the assistance of Jews and English mandatory authorities, the agriculture and the industry started developing and new jobs appeared. Todays Arabs know well, who their ancestors and when and where they came to Palestine from. The citizens of Israel who live in settlements on the occupied territories follow the laws of Israel, and they have all the rights of citizens of Israel. At the same time inhabitants of occupied territories submit to the Jordanian code of laws and management of military authorities. Thus, in one territory there are 2 groups of people with different rights: one group of people (Israeli-Arabs) has more rights, at the same time as another (Palestinians) has less. This situation is identical to the situation in the Republic of South Africa where individuals of different nationalities had different rights, in particular, blacks, as well as Palestinians, had no right to vote and a freedom of movement t(Payes, 2005). Israeli-Arabs committed the acts of terrorism very seldom in comparison to Palestinians that can be explained by the fact that they have many privileges. Wimmer explains that the terrorists acts of Palestinians are provoked by the government of Israel which does not give them any chance for peaceful resolution: â€Å"It is infuriating that the passivity of the governments of the international community has allowed Israel to impose collective punishment, clearly prohibited by the international law, while the military machine of the occupation continued to act without compassion against the Palestinian civilian" (Wimmer, 2009). However, various violations were rather frequent and sometimes serious, giving Jews certain grounds to see in them silent allies of the enemies. Israeli-Arabs are also deprived of certain rights in comparison to Jews, because they are considered to be a threat to national security. Israel preferred to fight against threat from the side of the Israeli Arabs by means of their exclusion from the system

Final Report Essay Example for Free

Final Report Essay Information need not be passed down through physical means like mail or newspapers. It can be done through SMS (short messaging service), a phone call or even an email. Underlying such great inventions is the use of electronic devices to transmit and receive signals. Due to the demand for faster and larger data flow, complex systems such as Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) have been developed. This project is confined to the fundamental concepts used in digital communication. These key concepts include sampling, quantization and frame synchronization. The circuit designed is meant for one-way dataflow. It supports transmission by one user from any analog input. Hence, it is not necessary to select between multiple analog inputs using the frequency-division multiplexing technique. In transmitting wirelessly, a laser and photodiode are used instead of antennas. This choice is made because it is complex to build a Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) circuit. Without FSK, an antenna would need to be 75km long in order to transmit a wave of 4 kHz. 1. 2 Problem Identification In this project, a laser pointer is used to transmit analog signal wirelessly. In order to realize digital transmission, the analog signal must be converted into digital form using a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) encoder. Before the signal can be decoded at the receiver end, frame synchronization must be achieved. Hence, a training sequence must be sent to synchronize the receiver and transmitter. Next, a Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL) is needed to lock on to the transmitted signal and generate clocks at the receiver end. In the final stage, the digital signal is converted back to an analog signal. This signal is then played through a speaker. 1. 3 Constraints Availability of Manpower Our main constraint lies in the shortage of manpower. Due to the complexity of the DPLL Circuit and Training Sequence Identification Circuit, more members should be allocated to these two subgroups. However, this is not possible as our group consists of only eight members. This constraint will be addressed in the implementation section of this report. Components The design of any combinational logic circuit is confined to the availability of chips (gates). In this project, we are not provided with AND and NOR gates. Hence, knowledge of Boolean algebra will aid us in realizing any logic with the universal NAND gate. In addition, the design of logic circuits also depends on the space of breadboard. Hence, minimizing the number of chips used takes higher precedence over the simplicity of design. This is to achieve compactness on the breadboard. Time A short time frame of seven weeks is given to build a laser communication system. Apart from building the prototype, our group must submit design and final reports for grading. Hence, it is critical that all group members adhere to the schedule. Further, since there are no extra lab sessions provided for testing and debugging, subgroups must build the circuits before going for the lab session. . System Design 2. 1 Project Requirements 1. 2. 048 MHz Master Clock, 64 KHz Bit Clock and 8 KHz Frame Synchronization: with rising edges aligned. 2. Clock signals into PCM encoder, training sequence generator and multiplexer. 3. Coder and decoder chips are needed for analog to digital conversion and digital to analog conversion respectively. 4. Model the photodiode as a voltage source. 5. Yield minimal noise in the photodiode circuit. 6. DPLL: Determine the value of K, N, M and constant phase difference between local clock and data sequence. 7. DPLL: Design a divide by N Counter. 8. Frame synchronization must be achieved. 9. Training Sequence must be generated. 10. A D flip-flop is required to switch training frame to data frame at the correct instance. 11. A logic circuit must be implemented to identify the training sequence at the receiver end. 12. Implement a â€Å"Divide by 8† counter to yield 8 KHz Frame Synchronization Receiver from the 64 KHz Bit Clock. 2. 2 Design of System The system consists of two functional components. They are the transmitter and receiver. In the discussion of this system, the transmitter side will be first discussed followed by the receiver end. 2. 3 Design of Transmitter The transmitter consists of several sub-blocks. These sub-blocks include the clock and counter networks, training sequence generator, switch, encoder and the laser link. 2. 3. 1 Clock and Counter Networks In this system, 2. 048MHz Master Clock (MCLK), 64 KHz Bit Clock (BCLK) and 8 KHz Frame Synchronization Signal (FSYN) are required. BCLK and FSYN are required by the training sequence generator and multiplexer (MUX) switch respectively. The encoder chip requires MCLK, BCLK and FSR. As such, the breadboard layout shown in Figure 1 is adopted. Figure 1: Breadboard Layout (Transmitter) Master Clock (MCLK) The Master Clock (MCLK) is obtained from the signal generators available in the lab. As a high speed clock is needed by the PCM encoder to function, the value of 2. 048 MHz is chosen. MCLK provides the timing signal to synchronize the other clocks in the system. In this manner, the rising edge of the generated BCLK and FSR will coincide with MCLK. Bit Clock (BCLK) The Bit Clock (BCLK) frequency is 64 KHz. This is generated by inputting MCLK into the Counter (74HC191) followed by a D Flip-flop (74HC74). BCLK is required because the frequency of bits generated by the encoder is 64 KHz. The BCLK allows the bit stream to be synchronized with the clock network. Frame Synchronization Signal (FSYN)

Relevance Of The Maxim Certainty Philosophy Essay

Relevance Of The Maxim Certainty Philosophy Essay The maxim: Certainty is not overruled by doubt is one of the universal maxims in Islamic law. It applies to three-quarter of fiqh. Some positions maintain that the maxim does not have significant effect on commercial transactions. The work started by discussing the legal basis of the maxim. It also discussed the detailed meaning of certainty and doubt in Islamic law and jurisprudence and the principles with which they are applied to the particulars of law. Relevant particulars of commercial matters related to it were cited as examples after analysis of the general meaning of each maxim. These examples reveal the significance of the maxim in providing basic principles for dispute resolution as well as the responsibility of proving allegations between parties to commercial transactions. It also laid out in detail the party upon whom the onus of proof lies in litigations to counter what is presumed by law. Keywords: Certainty (yaqÄ ©n), Conjecture (Zann), Doubt (shakk), Illusion (Waham), Commercial Transactions, Dispute resolutions, presumption of law, onus of proof. * Higher Sharia Court Judge, Kala Balge Sharia Court and overseeing Rann Sharia Court, Borno State Judicial Service Commission, Borno State, Nigeria. E-mail: [emailprotected] * Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Department of Sharia, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. E.-mail: [emailprotected] ** Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Department of Sharia, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. E.-mail: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1. INTRODUCTION: Legal maxims (Al-Qawà £id Al-Fiqhiyyah) are imperative in Islamic jurisprudence as they encapsulate perceptions and precepts that can abet to figure out the factual essence of the Islamic Law in details. Reflective of a consolidated reading of fiqh by great jurists, it is a handy tool for researchers who need to expand their grasp and understanding of content and objective of the law. More importantly, they ease to arrive at the appropriate ruling where is no direct text is available a particular matter. The word al-Qawaid is a plural qà £idah, a derivative of qaada and literally has the meanings of fixation, consistency, and being well established. Qaida on the other hand means base, and Qawaid means a foundation of a building, as Allah, the Most High says: And remember Ibrahim and Ismail raised the foundations (Qawà £id) of the House  [1]   Technically, it is a general rule applicable to all its related particulars. Sadrush SharÄ ©ah (d. 747) defined Qawà £id as general propositions  [2]  . Examples are Qaida Nahwiyyah (Rule of Grammar), Qà £idah Mantiqiyya (Rule of Logic), Qaida UsÃ…Â ©liyya (Rule of Jurisprudence), etc. Fiqhiyya (lit. of law) is the adjective of Qà £ida (maxim); a derivative of fiqh (law) which literally means understanding. Fiqh is a term that came to denote Muslim jurists detailed study of practical aspect of the Devine ordainments. Imam Shafii (d. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) defined it as the knowledge of the practical injunctions of Sharia acquired from its detailed evidences  [3]  . The two words, i.e. Al-Qawà £id al-Fiqhiyya, referred herein as Legal Maxims has several definitions which basically revolves around two positions. The often quoted definition of legal maxims is that it is a general rule which applies to all of its related particulars  [4]  . As this is an extension of the technical meaning of term Qà £ida in other discipline to the Qà £ida in law (fiqh), this definition has failed to encapsulate the concept of legal maxims and thus not reflective of its essence. Al-Hamawi (d. 1098H=1687AD) has stated that Qà £ida of legists (fuqahà £) is different from Qà £ida in other disciplines such as Grammar (Nahwu), Logic (Mantiq) and even Jurisprudence (UsÃ…Â ©lul Fiqh). In these disciplines, it is a rule applicable to all its related particulars.  [5]   From the foregoing we can say that a legal maxim is a general proposition of law that applies to most of its related particulars  [6]  . The reason for opting to this definition is that maxims do not apply to all particulars that seem related to it. The particulars that do not apply to a general principle are known as exceptions (mustathnayà £t). These exceptions often represent independent or auxiliary maxims in themselves. The exceptions do not however negate the general application of maxims, as the principles of the maxim still represent application to majority; and exceptions are but of minority in all maxims  [7]  . Another characteristic of a legal maxim worth noting is that a maxim applies to most of its related particulars, which are scattered in various themes or chapters of fiqh. But a principle that only applies on one particular theme or chapter of fiqh is referred to as a Regulator (Dà £bit). In other words, a Regulator (Dà £bit) is limited to one chapter and provides a legal principle on injunctions of a particular chapter of Fiqh. According to Al-SuyÃ…Â ©ti (d. 911H) says a maxim collects branches from different chapters while Dà £bit collects branches of the same chapter  [8]  . An example of Dà £bit is: injunction of sale of a nonexistent is same as that of risky-taking (gharar) sales (hukmu baiil madÃ…Â ©mi yatbaul gharar)  [9]  . This Dà £bit is applicable to the chapter of buying and selling. Importance of Legal Maxims (Al-Qawà £id Al-Fiqhiyyah): The great Maliki Jurist of Egypt, Imam Shihà £buddÄ ©n Al-Qarà £fi (d. 676H) described it as embodying secrets and wisdoms of Sharia  [10]  . Legal maxim brings together widely scattered branches of fiqh into a single abstract rule making it easy for jurists, researchers and students of the Islamic law. It also saves time in researching injunctions for several matters that are otherwise scattered in different chapters of books of fiqh. That is why, according Al-SuyÃ…Â ©ti, some jurists refer to fiqh as knowledge of similitudes. Legal maxims therefore make it easy to diagnose juristic injunctions, comprehend and memorise auxiliaries and particulars of the law  [11]  . The four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence are in agreement over the five of the Universal Maxims that they clasp within themselves the entire quintessence of the Islamic Shariah. They are depicted to be universal maxims for being all-inclusive and applicable to the entire range of fiqh without any specification  [12]  ; whereas the rest of the maxims are just elucidations of these five: Matters are (judged) by their intents (Al-UmÃ…Â ©ru bi-maqà £sidihà £)  [13]  ; Hardship begets facility (Al-Mashaqqatu tajlibu Al-TaisÄ ©r)  [14]  ; No harming and no counter-harming (Là £ darara wa là £ dirara)  [15]  ; Custom is Authoritative (Al-ÃÆ'datu Muhakkamah)  [16]  . Certainty is not be overruled by doubt (Al-YaqÄ ©nu la yazÃ…Â ©lu bish-shakki). Beside its general application to three-quarter of Fiqh chapters, Certainty is not overruled by Doubt provides basic guidelines for disputes resolution in contracts including commercial and financial transactions. The paper will discuss in detail the general meaning of the universal maxim Certainty is not overruled by Doubts, its importance and relevance to commercial transactions. This universal maxim is one of the earliest maxims to appear in the discipline of maxims derivation (Al-TaqÄ ©d Al-Fiqhi)  [17]  . The earliest reference to it was made by Imam ShafiÄ © (d. 204H º819C.E.) while discussing admission/ confession. He said: the basis of what I say is that I will always hold people by what is certain, drop the doubtful and use that which is most probable  [18]  . Al-Karkhi (d. 340H) too in his UsÃ…Â ©l has stated that the basis (in law) is that what was confirmed with certainty cannot be overruled by doubt and say it is one of the principles the Hanafi School was based on  [19]  . Over time, it was abridged into its current form: Certainty is not overruled by doubt (Al-YaqÄ ©nu là £ yazÃ…Â ©lu bish-Shakk)  [20]  . 2. CERTAINTY IS NOT OVERRULED BY DOUBT  [21]   (Al-YaqÄ ©nu là £ yazÃ…Â ©lu bish-Shakk) Generally, any matter confirmed to have existed with certainty remains certain until proven with evidence to be otherwise. It is not invalidated by mere doubt or supposition. The same is also said regarding a matter whose non-existence is confirmed continues in that state until also proven otherwise. This is because doubt is weaker than certainty. It will not, therefore, nullify certainty whether or not the later is positive or negative  [22]  . In other words, whenever the existence or non-existence of a matter is established through legally accepted means, a subsequent doubt over the continuance of this state will not affect the legal regard given to the confirmed certainty. Legally, certainty (yaqÄ ©n) is defined as the knowledge that a fact has either definitely occurred or not. Doubt (shakk), which is the opposite of certainty (yaqÄ ©n)  [23]  , is a vacillation over the occurrence and non-occurrence of a fact. Meaning none between the two possibilities is of higher probability. But if either has greater probability, the doubt seizes and it is thus certain (yaqÄ ©n) in the usage of legists (fuqahà £). This form of yaqÄ ©n is often interchangeably used with the term à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å"ann. The term à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ann which literally means conjecture is less than certainty in the language of Jurists and Logicians. To them, Certainty (YaqÄ ©n) is belief that a particular matter is so-and-so and cannot be but so-and-so in manner consistent with its reality and essence. In other words, it is the perfect knowledge free from error. Because injunctions of Sharia are applied on what evident or conspicuous (zà £hir) and not abso lute certainty, the jurists definition is not as encompassing as that of legists (Fuqahà £) which includes the most probable event  [24]  . This is because there are issues which the Sharia may have considered them as certain though they can logically be incorrect. Example is an accepted testimony by witnesses before a Court is a legal certainty for its truthfulness, but is possible that they are telling lies. Al-Qarà £fi says that necessity is the reason why conjecture (à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å"ann) is regarded as certain in Sharia for absolute certainty may not be achieved. Possibility of erring in such à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å"ann is however lesser. But the doubtful cannot be a basis for a judgement  [25]  . This is the reason why scholars of Malikiyya school of thought did not refer to this maxim in the above phrase, that is Certainty is not overruled by doubt, rather their preferred phrase is: The Norm of Sharia is that Injunctions are but based on knowledge and that which is in doubt is not considered  [26]  . 2.1 BASIS OF THE MAXIM: In the Quran, the saying of Allah, the Most High: But most of them follow nothing but Conjecture (Zann): truly Conjecture can be of no avail against truth. Verily Allah is well aware of all that they do  [27]  . One of the meanings of Zann (lit. conjecture) is illusion, i.e. where the fact thought to apply to a particular matter does not in reality apply to it. In such a situation, such conjecture will not overrule what was known for certain  [28]  . Also from Sunnah, the Hadith narrated by Abbà £d bin TamÄ ©m from his uncle from the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, in which a man complained to the Prophet, peace be upon him of feeling something (departing) his body. The Prophet, peace be upon him, told him not leave (his prayers) until he hears a sound or smells (the gas)  [29]  . The hadith means that one should not ignore the certain, which is the state purity before prayer, in favour of that which is uncertain, i.e. the feeling that something has departed his body. Therefore, such doubt will not overrule the original certainty. In another version of the Hadith related by Abu Huraira, the Prophet, peace be upon him, said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and if one of you feels something in his belly, and doubts whether something has left his body or not, he should not leave the mosque until he hears a sound or feels a gas  [30]  . 2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MAXIM: On the significance of the above Hadith, Al-Nawawi (d. 676H) asserts that: this Hadith is a basic source and a great principle  [31]  among the principles of fiqh. The principle is that things are judged to remain on their original forms until the certainty of the contrary is established, a subsequent doubt will thus not harm it  [32]  . Jurists have unanimously agreed on the usage of this maxim. Imam Al-Qarafi states that: this is an agreed upon maxim, the only disagreement among scholars is in some of its applications  [33]  . Ibn DaqÄ ©q al-Eid (d. 702H) also said: The Hadith is a basic principle in the usage and/or tossing of doubts; and scholars appear to be in agreement on this maxim, even though they differ in some of its applications  [34]  . 2.3 RELEVANCE TO COMMERCIAL TRANSACTION: By Commercial Transactions we are referring all Contracts in Sharia relating to the exchange of goods and services. Examples include: transactions like bay (sales contract), ijà £rah (lease), muzà £raah (farm leasing) partnership (muqà £radah), wakà £lah (agency) juala (promise of reward for a particular action), kafà £lah (surety), hawà £la (transfer of debt), rahn (mortgaging), etc. In fact, all contracts with the exception of marriage contract which is not under the scope of this paper. As we have indicated above, certainty in law refers to the most probable assumption. Example of such probable assumption is seeing a man with reasonable wealth possessing a reasonably priced car for several years; one can confidently testify that it belongs to him  [35]  . It is upon this kind of certainty that many legal injunctions apply  [36]  . Other examples of its relevance to commercial transactions include: Where there is a contract between two parties and a doubt is raised on whether or not there was dissolution of the contract. The contract is presumed to be subsisting as this is the certainty  [37]  . Also where it is confirmed that A owes B certain amount of money. But after As death, a doubt is raised on whether or not he has paid, lack of payment will be presumed as it is the certainty  [38]  which cannot be overruled by doubt. Certainty is not overruled by Doubt is supplemented with many Auxiliary Maxims (qawà £id fariyyah) and Regulators (Dawà £bit) which together elaborate its legal implication and significance. These will be classified under three categories, namely: Auxiliary Maxims giving weight to certainty, Auxiliary Maxims emphasising on overlooking of doubt and Maxims indirectly related to the Certainty is not overruled by Doubt. Related maxims to each category will be discussed in the following order: Auxiliary Maxims giving weight to certainty: The norm is that the status quo remains as it was before (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Baqà £u mà £ kà £na ala mà £ kà £na); Let the Ancient rest on its age (Al-QadÄ ©mu yutraku alà £ qidamih) The norm (in Sharia) is freedom from liability (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu barà £at Al-Dhimmah); The norm (of Shariah) is that acquired attributes do not exist (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fis-Sifà £til Aridah Al-Adam) The norm in Law is that things are faultless or fit (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu As-Salama) The Norm (of Sharia) regarding things is permissibility (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fil Ashyà £i al-Ibà £hah) The Basis in Law Regarding Contracts is that they permissible and binding (on its parties) (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fil UqÃ…Â ©di As-Sihhah wal-LuzÃ…Â ©m) The Norm of law regarding terms and conditions is validity (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fish-ShurÃ…Â ©ti as-Sihhah) The basic principle is to ascribe the event to the nearest time of occurrence (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Idà £fatul Hadithi ilà £ aqrabi auqà £tih) Auxiliary Maxims emphasising on overlooking of doubt: No attention shall be paid to inferences (implication) in the face of an explicit statement (Là £ ibrata lid-Dalà £lati fÄ © Muqà £balatit TasrÄ ©h) No weight is attached to Illusion (Là £ ibrata littawahhumi) No argument is admitted against supposition based upon evidence (laa hujata maal ihtimaalin naashii an daleel) The apparently erroneous supposition is not to be taken into consideration (laa Ibrata biz Zannil bayyni khatauhu) Maxims indirectly related to the Certainty is not overruled by Doubt: No statement is imputed by to a person who keeps silence, but silence is tantamount to a statement where there is a necessity for speech (Là £ yunsabu ilà £ sà £kitin qaulun, wa là £kinnas sukÃ…Â ©tu fÄ © maradil hà £jati ilà £l bayà £ni bayà £nu) The original state of words is the literal sense (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fil Kalà £mi Al-HaqÄ ©qah) No room for ijtihà £d where there is a decisive text (Là £ masà £gha lilijitihà £di fÄ © mauridin nass) 3. AUXILIARY MAXIMS GIVING WEIGHT TO CERTAINTY 3.1 The norm is that the status quo remains as it was before  [39]  : (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Baqà £u mà £ kà £na ala mà £ kà £na) It is a basic provision in Sharia is that the status quo remains as it was before unless it is proven to have changed. To explain further, we can say that a fact whose existence or non-existence is said to be certain in the past is regarded to be as it was and does not change, until evidence is available to change such status. Such proof is mostly based on evidence, confession, admission, and refusal to take oath  [40]  . This principle of law is referred to as Istishà £b in Islamic jurisprudence  [41]  . Considered to be one of the secondary sources of law, Istishà £b has been defined as the presumption of continuity of a matter base on its previously established state. The previously confirmed state may either be legal or rational. This maxim represents a form of Istishà £b which is: accompanying what the law has confirmed to have existed in the past into the present; such as a person who bought a piece of land will be presumed to still owe it until anything that may change that presumption is proved  [42]  . This type of Istishà £b applies in cases such as presumption of continuation ownership after execution of a contract; the liability of a person who damages anothers property remains until repayment and the existence of a liability on an indebted person where the taking up of the loan is attested to  [43]  . An example of the application of the maxim in commercial transaction is where a lender claims paying his debtor; or a buyer claims paying the price to the seller; or a lessee claims paying the lessor; but the debtor, the seller and the lessor denied any payment. The statements of the party denying will be accepted. As the norm is the continuance of what has existed, these claims will not be accepted until legally proved  [44]  . Another application is when a buyer claims that the condition of a commodity he previously saw has diminished during delivery; according to Ibn Qà £sim (d. 918H), the statement of the seller will command credibility base on this maxim. Ash-hab (d. 204H) on the other hand also states that the claim of the buyer will have legal backing because the legal norm is that the buyer is free from liability (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu barà £at al-Dhimmah)  [45]  . Hanafis have distinguished between the two by asserting that if much time has lapsed from the time of inspection of the commodity and the time of delivery, the statement of the buyer will be backed by the law  [46]  until the contrary is proved by the seller. 3.2 Let the Ancient rest on its age  [47]   (Al-QadÄ ©mu yutraku alà £ qidamih) Provided it does not violate the right of another, a thing that has existed since time immemorial will enjoy legal protection. The law presumes that something that has remained for a very long time has a legal precedence  [48]  . This is also regarded as Istishab as it is an accompanying of the past condition, whether it is a proof of ownership through evidence or the admission of a respondent. Such istishab can be relied upon provided it has not been lawfully changed which should be through evidence, admission or refusal to take oath  [49]  . This maxim is also closely related the norm is that the status quo remains as it was before  [50]  . Example of its application is that whenever ownership of a property is confirmed by either admission of respondent or conclusive evidence, it shall be presumed to continue in Sharia law  [51]  . Also where two persons claim the ownership of a property, and both provided evidence of their ownership with date. The presumption of the ownership will be in favour of the person who provides earliest date, because he claims to own the property during a time when the plaintiff does not challenge his ownership. This will remain until the plaintiff can prove the contrary  [52]  . 3.3 The norm (in Sharia) is freedom from liability: (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu barà £at Al-Dhimmah) A person is born free from anything; and being liable of anything is contrary to the original norm (asl) of law  [53]  . Literally, the word asl means root or source, and in the context of this maxim it means the most probable (al-rà £jih  [54]  ) evidence upon which the law relies and bases its rulings. This maxim applies to both fact and law. Regarding its application to fact, the general rule is that a person is certainly free from any obligation or liability and making him liable for something is both doubtful and a contradiction of the original state of man; being born free from any liability. Claims of liabilities such as debt, obligation that was the result of later cause will only be accepted if proved through means provided by the law. In the absence of any such proof, the Sharia regards a person to have no liability, thus making onus of proof upon the person who alleges a fact or claims it. The maxim is inspired by the Prophets Hadith, peace be upon him, in which he said: the onus of proof is on the claimant, and taking of an oath is incumbent upon him who denies.  [55]  The hadith provides that the party insisting to disprove the status quo and wants to establish a recently acquired attribute is the claimant and the onus of proof is upon him; while the party that clings on the original (asl) attribute is the defendant/respondent and upon him is the oath because he is denying the allegation.  [56]   This maxim is an equivalent to what is generally known as the presumption of innocence, though this principle is more general. The expression presumption of innocence implies that it relates principally to criminal procedure, whereas the non-liability maxim extends to civil litigation and to religious matters generally. The normative state, or the state of certainty for that matter, is that people are not liable, unless it is proven that they are, and until this proof is forthcoming, to attribute guilt to anyone is treated as doubtful. Certainty can, in other words, only be overruled by certainty, not by doubt  [57]  . The maxim provides practical solutions in cases of disputes or disagreements between parties to commercial transactions. Where, or instance, there is a disagreement between the owner and a borrower, a victim and an assailant, the statement of the accused will be accepted because the legal norm is that he is free from an excess liability  [58]  . Another example is where there is disagreement on the amount of loan between the lender and the indebted; the statement of the indebted will be presumed  [59]  . Also, the statement of an agent regarding damage to a property will be accepted, likewise regarding denial of infringement and negligence, with oath  [60]  . In law however, this maxim is often referred to as: The norm (of law) is non-existent (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Al-Adamu). To majority of jurists, both these principles refer to the same thing, as lack of an injunction means one is not obliged to carry it out. In other words is not liable for not doing it. A second aspect of this principle also closely related to the notion of original non-existent, is original permissibility (al-ibà £ha al-asliyyah). In this concept, everything is legal ab initio, and one will not be sanctioned for either doing or omission. Jurists refer to it as permission of the reason (Al-Ibà £h al-Aqliyyah). This implies that it is a presumption of continuation of the original non-existent of injunction base on reason (aql) rather than the words of the Law-giver. This position can as well be deduced from many verses of holy Quran according to many scholars  [61]  . An example of such verses is the saying of Allah, the Most High: Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand one whom the Evil one by his touch Hath driven to madness. That is because they say: Trade is like usury, but Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past  [62]  . When taking usury was prohibited, the companions of the Prophet feared the consequence of t

cloning enigma :: essays research papers

Year 2004: A father goes to a hospital and enters the room of a genetic engineer. â€Å" Sir I want to have a child.† Doctor, â€Å"What gender?† â€Å" A boy, blue eyes, blonde hair, fair skin , good height and intelligence equivalent to Einstein’s.† Doctor,† Sorry sir, no Einstiens, no Aristotles, Government isn’t allowing any more. You know the student councils have been shouting their heads off, cause the Sommerfield Wave equation has been changed so often.† Brace yourselves fellow human beings, for the onslaught of technology in the ensuing years. Owing to the rapid progress being made in genetics, you and I might be declared a rare species in the years to come. ‘Designer Babies’ will be the order of the day. Alas! The first human clone being bred in American Laboratories will not grow into a human being like us mortals! But it possesses a replication of our Genetic Code. The cells will continue to multiply like in any of us but unlike us they would be on a laboratory’s culture discs. The basic purpose behind this million dollar Genome Project is to create healthy cells free from any diseases and use them to cure ailing people. I personally feel that this entire project is a wonderful step towards eradicating lethal like AIDS and cancer. However, many people view this achievement in a negative manner by blaming the doctors for ‘playing God’. They believe that creating an artificial human clone is a direct revolt against nature’s equilibrium. However, it must not be forgotten that God has assigned man the role of serving humanity in any way possible. And, I view this human clone as a promising solution to many problems. Another conservative view is; the technology available today is not advanced enough to ensure that the clone develops steadily into a disease free source of cells. The cloned sheep, Dolly developing symptoms of arthritis at a young age, has specially proved this. Nevertheless, one must be aware of the fact that it is a trial and error process which will gradually lead to more reliable

The United States of Leland :: essays research papers

In the movie, â€Å"The United States of Leland,† Leland Fitzgerald commits a murder and becomes the center of attention as people try to understand why he did it. The only person Leland trusts is Pearl, the juvenile hall teacher and aspiring writer who helps Leland to examine the truth of his crime. Unknown to Leland, Pearl had his own agenda, and uses Leland to obtain material for a book. Pearl does this until he begins to see that Leland is giving him something he never expected. Leland is not given the concrete answer Pearl seeks, but the realization that now is the time to change his own life for the better. Leland is a soft spoke fifteen-year-old boy that appeared to be headed in the right direction despite his unusual background and past life. He moved around from place to place, with no foundation or person to attach himself to. His background and past actions, being as they were, did not show signs that would prove him a criminal. The movie’s organization was very confusing and messy towards the beginning, but was done on purpose. This disorganization parallels the disorganization of Leland’s thinking and feelings. He began talking with Pearl. The relationship seemed to be one that was to help Leland figure out his reason of committing murder, but in actuality the words and reasoning of life Leland gave allowed us to relate our mistakes with his. As various people try to deal with Leland's murder they all expose their own mistakes and we get to see how different people deal with them. The most telling message comes from the conversations between Leland and Pearl. Pearl is not a great guy himself - he's a liar, drinks too much, cheats on his girlfriend, and uses others for his own benefit. He is called on a lot of this and responds with the usual "I'm only human" lines until Leland calls even those into question. Leland asks, "How come people only say that when they've done som ething bad - never when they save a baby from a burning building?" He gets Pearl to admit that he wanted to do those wrong things and that is why he did it. Pearl realizes that he had no excuse for what he did and needs to deal with it. It is scenes like these that pull us away from contemplating Leland's crime and forces us to deal with our own motives.

Needs and Concerns of New France Essay

I am writing to you on the issues and needs of New France. Some of the concerns and needs are, the on going war with the Iroquois, population, and industry in agriculture. The Iroquois are a grand part of concern on our people in New France. Presently there is war going on amongst us and the Iroquois. Our people are afraid to go hunting or fishing. If the people are not able to hunt or fish New France is going to struggle because there will not be enough food to be provided. We will also fall behind in fur trading. Since the people are frightened we can not go on exploring lands as it may be risky because of the Iroquois. The Iroquois do not let us cross their lands, so we can not get to our preferred destination. So being in danger of the Iroquois had its disadvantages such as, being afraid so we are not able to hunt or fish, not exploring further, and not getting to our specifies destination. The population in New France is struggling with men and women. I am trying to motivate our people by giving them rewards for marrying and giving birth early. If they do not they will receive penalties. In New France we are in need of more women. So they can get married and give birth. This will increase New France’s population, and you will not have to bring in more females after that. Also there are not enough residents to occupy Canada and live in it. This is a big issue if France wants to gain power and control over other land. So I suggest that before we get more women I ask if you could send in more people to New France. In addition the population has increased in men rather so then women. This again is a problem. So again our concerns are that we are lacking women, there are not enough people in New France to later expand to a big country Canada, and more men increased then women making the population gender wise unbalanced. New France also has to develop its own agriculture and industries. In New France there is a need for agriculture businesses. In the agriculture businesses we need to organize transportation to carry crops and livestock. This will also make it easier to deliver. Another need for New France is to become fewer dependant on France, in terms of supplies, food, people, and etc. Our growing industries are also beginning to drain out France’s finances. Since we are asking for too much and not giving back enough. We should receive a loan to start of industries or to improve on them to provide us with necessities which after we trade or sell and pay off the loan. So, there is a need for agricultural businesses. New France to become more independent and our industries are beginning to drain out France’s finances. You’re Majesty now that I have stated the concerns and needs for New France which are, the on going war with the Iroquois, population problems, and agriculture and its industries. I hope you will take into account the needs and concerns and hopefully come up with solutions. Thank you for taking your valuable time on this letter.

The Episodic Novel Of Huckleberry Finn English Literature Essay

In his episodic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain fabricates a journey as the platform for the storyteller ‘s symbolic rite of transition. The supporter, Huckleberry Finn, discovers the true colourss of his individualism, as he voyages through his many escapades and additions invaluable experiences. While he matures and progresss, Huck discards his temperament as an ignorant and juvenile stripling hungering for joy and hazard and becomes a adult male, being able to firmly identify and set up his ethical motives and moralss. During this intricate procedure, he develops a chumminess with a Jim, a runaway slave, finally larning the true horrors of the blemished society, in which he lives in. As a function in Huck ‘s acquisition procedure, Mark Twain realistically utilizes the societal perceptual experience of Whites during the clip period to help Huck in detecting the defects of bondage, rejecting many critics ‘ premise that he is a racialist. Huck, a thirteen-year-old boy of a rummy, is recurrently strained to last on his ain marbless where sometimes it contradicts society ‘s criterions and Torahs. As he seems to trek down the Mississippi River, he besides journeys down his interior outlook, as Huck encounters challenges between his societal scruples and single scruples. Huck ever seems to look up to the educated, the high and mid-class. He appeared to do himself believe that his judgement was inferior or abased to theirs because he was nonreader, and non truly portion of society – or a civilised human being. He blindly follows Tom Sawyer, due to the fact that he was educated and brought up in a refined urbane scene. As the novel opens, Huck is forced to be integrated in society and civilisation. Though he struggles, he persuades himself to sublimate in. In the beginning, Huck is perplexed by the asinine intent of faith. As Widow Douglas and Miss. Watson seek really difficult to reform Huck to go â€Å" sivilize † , he does n't see the intent of Eden and snake pit. It ‘s these first marks of society ( faith ) that plays an impact on Huck, where he makes a connexion that his actions will find his finish after decease. Huck besides can be portrayed as an innate philosopher, where he is really disbelieving of the social tenet ( faith ) and in fact perceives these thoughts in his ain ways, as he tries to reform. This is seen with Huck ‘s thought that snake pit might really be a better topographic point than the Widow Douglas ‘s Eden. Thus this issue merely engenders Huck ‘s moral development. When Huck encounters Jim on Jackson ‘s island, and attends his narrative of a runaway slave, Huck sees Jim as a human being instead than a slave. Huck feels empathy and compunction, as he hears Jim ‘s sad narrative of his household being ripped apart. Huck, who merely was n't able to properly to the full mold with society, and Jim, a run-away slave, both were alienated from society in cardinal ways. Both now in some signifier freed from the falseness and unfairness of society, but knew this would non last long. When Huck realizes that his destiny was wrapped around Jim ‘s, he inquiry ‘s the morality of assisting a run-away slave, this in which was against jurisprudence, and interrupting a jurisprudence would take him to hell. More subtly, Twain knock the American South for its bogus romanticism and hypocritical Christianity. Huck decries the thought that the Christianity of the South is a living contradiction. Huck does non grok the fact how society accepts bo ndage yet ignores the Biblical impression of the equality of all trusters. ( â€Å" The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn † pg1 ) . However, Huck conceded and acknowledged that he would travel to hell, in which a forfeit he was willing to do. In farther context, Twain in his plant is non a racialist. In the mode he depicts Jim as a existent individual, who carries feelings and emotions, shows in fact that Twain is an opposition of bondage. Huck had the common sense to see how bondage was a echt blight to humanity. Perversely the so called sophisticated society accepted it, even the â€Å" good people such as Miss. Watson. † Huck matures farther as he breaks that mask that society gave Jim, and accepts him as a normal individual. Huck refers to Jim, â€Å" I knowed he was white indoors. † ( Twain, pg 46 ) . It shows how Huck, who was brought up in a really bigoted subdivision of the state, that ingested all the lip service of bondage, was still able to exceed it by merely cognizing this one â€Å" nigga † , Jim. Furthermore, Huck ‘s character alterations as Jim teaches him about friendly relationship. Their relationship becomes tighter, after the Huck ‘s gag about him ne'er had gone losing in the fog. Huck learns that Jim is a individual is with feelings, and finally Jim induces this motion into Huck ‘s adulthood. This is the critical point of Huck ‘s transmutation, where Huc k apologizes to Jim. Huck ‘s ocean trip down the Mississippi taught him much, but was chiefly a frolic. But once it resumes, when Huck is taken up the Grangerfords, he journeys to the dark side of American civilisation. The benevolent household who offer Huck to remain is in a firing feud between another household, the Shepherdsons. Twain uses these two households to use in some deriding absurdness and to mock an â€Å" excessively romanticizes thoughts about household award † . Ultimately, the households ‘ sensationalized feud gets many of them killed. Huck genuinely refutes society one time he saw his new friend Buck, be shot and killed. Twain uses this incident to notice on all systems of rule that rebuffs the humanity of another set of people. Huck becomes befuddled in this episode. The Grangerfords are a mix of contradictions where they treat Huck good, but they own slaves and act more unwisely with other household by killing one other. Is this what society dawns upon? In the denouement, Huck transmogrifies into a full stripling who now truly believes in his values, and deems that it should non be manipulable and tarnished by society ‘s Torahs. Near the decision of the novel, Huck and Tom make an effort to liberate Jim who is held captured. After Tom ‘s farcical program fails, everyone learns that Jim was really a free adult male for hebdomads ( because Miss. Watson, in her will, let Jim to be free when she died ) . This thought of liberating a free black adult male had a particular resonance at the clip Twain wrote this novel. Blacks during this clip had much problem incorporating with society because of the racial subordination that was still present predating the Civil War.Work Citedâ€Å" The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay. † Novelguide.com. December 14, 2009. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.novelguide.com/huckleberryfinn/index.html & gt ; . Couple, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. United States: Bantum Books, Inc. , 1884.

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay

The benefits of distance learning are apparent as distance learning aims at meeting student’s needs. The offered outline is composed according to student’s needs and abilities. The most important factor affecting many future students who are willing to study is financial problems. Therefore firstly they consider financial benefits of any type of learning. Ability to take part-time job along with ability to save money plays an important role in choosing studying course. Students having financial problems also consider benefits in time management and distance learning gives the opportunity to study when it is convenient for a student. Therefore time management benefits have to follow financial ones. Furthermore, effectiveness of studying process is also a matter of concern for future students. Ability to correspond with teachers and other students via e-mail, telephone and chat rooms offers wide range of studying opportunities. Constant access to on-line libraries and data bases affects student’s choice. Students having full-time and part-time jobs would be able to pass exams during their available time. Finally, social benefits take the last place, because considerations about financial and studying benefits are more important in modern society as education is very expensive and one firstly thinks abut the ability to pay for the course and only then about the opportunities to lead social life. References Distance Learning Benefits. (2005). Retrieved October, 27, 2006, from http://www. distance-learning-college-guide. com/distance-learning-benefits. html

Relaxing on the Beach

Relaxing On the Beach Everyone goes through stress at some point in his or her lifetime. Coming from Basic Military Training was no deferent. Consistently getting yelled at, even for doing the right thing, being in top notch physical shape by running five miles a day or paying attention to detail by removing one tiny microscopic string from one's uniform stress will eventually add up. While we all go through stress, we all need to deal with stress and relax in our own ways.The white sandy beach right off base is so calming and peaceful I can sit and relax with friends while letting my mind wonder and simply leaving the â€Å"real world† behind for the day. After being pummel by spit for eight and a half weeks In San Antonio, Texas. All I want to do is be on the white sandy beach of Billow, Mississippi, relaxing in the hot sun. Grabbing my six string. Few buddies, and other beach essentials I headed out the door in a flash.Walking outside to the beach I couldn't help but notice the white ND puffy cuneiform clouds in the sky telling me this was going to be a good day. We could hear kids laughing, sea gulls chirping, and waves crashing in the distant but Just couldn't tell how much further our trek had to go. Feeling like a camel walking across the Sarah Desert, we finally saw it, the big blue ocean only to be seen in travel magazines. A sea breeze hit our face making us feel and smell the freedom In the air.Immediately arriving on the white soft sandy beach, our sandals came off and we let our feet feel the sand between our toes. Walking down the beachfront we saw a rainbow of tent tops and with little kids laughing and giggling made music to my ears. Finally arriving at an empty spot we opened up the cooler and had our thirst quenched by ice-cold lemonade. We began laughing and telling jokes trying to soak up the sun's radiation to give us a golden bronze tan. Soon after being in the hot son we began lathering on suntan lotion, which gave off the aroma of summer, was finally here.After a while we all decided to take a nap and let our minds wander where they ay. Lying on the hot summer sand and listening to the sounds of summer, all of the stress has been slowly lifted off my shoulders, almost feeling weightless. We had no shoes, no shirts, and no problems. Eventually, the perfect day had to come to an end. Sitting down watching the waves slowly crash against the shore we listened to the six string guitar play a little melody that made one remind of the peaceful times of life and made the day nice and relaxing.Sitting there listening to the melody we watched the bright sun set running into an orange masterpiece for our eyes to fixate on. Nothing more could be done In this day to make it any more peaceful and relaxing. In conclusion, the beach can be a way to relax for the day and be a calming place for someone trying to get away from stress. Everyone goes through stress In life and 1 OFF and friends or watching the sunset while liste ning to a melody the beach can be a beneficial way to relive stress in one's life and leave the stress at the door of the â€Å"real world†.

Mamluks

The emergent of Mamluks started under Hasan Pasha's whose intent was to strengthen his personal base of power by creating a group of disciplined military and civil functionaries committed uniquely to him and not to the government at Istanbul or the Arabs of Baghdad. A page corps was formed, originally recruited from local families but later composed almost exclusively of slaves imported from the Caucasus and Georgia (Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann, 1998. These slaves were instructed in reading and writing, but also horse-manship and swimming, a combination of martial and bureaucratic virtues making them superior to Turks and Iraqis as civil servants. Their training emphasized a sense of interdependence and â€Å"esprit de corps. † They were made to feel that they owed their privilege to their master and to the Mamluks institution. John Joseph Saunders in the â€Å"The History of the Mongol Conquests† noted that the Mamluks dominated the power elite, but as an alien force, and they were merciless to any suspected rival to their authority. A close disciplined fraternity, and the only effective civil and military organization within the country, they provided their pashas with the power of an independent monarch. He argued, nevertheless, Mamluk pashas at no time renounced allegiance to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He went on to explain how they defended Iraq from the Wahhabis and Persians but did not create war on neighbors within the empire. They were the only Islamic dynasty that withstands the invasions of the Turks and Mongol. They were slave boy children captured and trained carefully groomed for life as military men. They were leaders’ corps of warrior-slaves, mostly from Turkic or Kurdish Central Asia, but also including some Christians from the Caucasus region of south-eastern Europe. They were called the Mamluks which literally mean slave. According to historians, Mamluks were young boys who were not Muslim and groomed to be Sunni Muslim soldiers( Saunders 2001). The Mamluk institution creates a lot speculation and comment among pre modern observers. Consequently, James Waterson reported that the Mamluks are the slave warriors of medieval Islam who overthrew their masters, defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders and established a dynasty that lasted three hundred years. He continued to say that these young boys turn out to be great soldiers. Interestingly, Halperin commented that at the same time as the Islamic world was combating off Christian Crusaders from Europe, the great Muslim general Saladin conquered Egypt in 1169, founding the Ayyubid Dynasty. He also stated that Saladan and his descendants used increasing numbers of Mamluk soldiers in their struggles for power. In fact, according Charles Halperin a researcher in the field of history commented how during this time the Crusaders controlled several small coastal principalities in the Holy Land. † He explained that during the war the Mongols approached the Mamluks offering them an alliance against the Muslims. The Crusaders' former enemies, the Mamluks, also sent representative to the Christians offering a deal against the Mongols. † They feared that the Mongols were a more immediate threat, the Crusader states opted to remain nominally neutral, but agreed to allow the Mamluks’ armies to pass unhindered through Christians’ occupied lands.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Project Management - Essay Example The universal credit has brought together a variety of working-age benefits and put them into a single payment. The Universal credit project was aimed at encouraging the individuals on benefits to initiate paid work or to have overtime hours to work by ensuring that the job is paying. The Universal credit project also helped bring in a smoothened transition when getting into work and at the time of retiring. The Universal Credit system has also brought about a simplification in its operation with respect to the previous system in that it has become easy for people to comprehend its working and it is simpler and less expensive to dispense (Department for Work & Pensions 2013b). The welfare system also aimed to significantly reduce the number of individuals who are under poverty and they are still working. It also aimed to reduce chances of errors and fraud that have been witnessed in the current system. This project had good intentions and it was seen as the best and efficient way at the time to deal with the welfare situation and diminish poverty. This project on being run has come across several setbacks that have seen it receive criticism from various corners. The media especially depicted negative publicity of the Universal Credit project citing poor management and lack of transparency within the system. Management of the Universal Credit project has witnessed various changes within the management running the system severally. This report hopes to review how to effectively manage a project and with the reference of the Universal Credit project I will cite ways in which such a project would effectively have been managed in a bid to eliminate the problems in management that the project faced when it was set to run. Background Many individuals on benefits are of the thought that the financial threats of moving into work are extremely high. Some people have actually viewed the gains from the work they do, especially working during part time, to be very little an d such gains are easily neutralized by other expenses that increase day in day out such as the fee involved in transportation. The government of United Kingdom considered and viewed the current program to be too complicated and it lacks rewards and incentives that will encourage and boost the morale of individuals on benefits to initiate paid work or to have overtime hours to work. The government hence set out to come up with a system that would do this and that was fairer and was cheap to afford in a bid to diminish joblessness, welfare dependency and poverty and to decrease the degree of error and fraud (Department for Work & Pensions 2013b). The United Kingdom government hence came up with a welfare system that would do all this and it was what we now know as the Universal credit. The welfare program was aimed at ensuring that a large number of people get into jobs and those in jobs to successively progress in them. Project initiation This is the most crucial stage of any project . It is the first process in the project development lifecycle. Project initiation is the major determiner of whether the project will turn out to be a success and hence keenness and efficiency should be observed in this process. Most projects that fail during deployment have

The Nazi books burnings , or Changes in American family during World Essay

The Nazi books burnings , or Changes in American family during World war 2 - Essay Example It also stresses on totalitarianism. Montag is the centre of the story and thus plays a critical role in the novel’s thematic setting. The book helps students built effective reading approaches. Montag is remotely a perfect hero in terms of his relationship with the other characters in the novel. Montag interacts with various individuals with his primary aim being to learn on the ways of life of these individuals. Most people he interacts with beginning with his wife seem to be committed and busy, unlike before World War II when women had no other roles other than taking care of their families. This is because of the destruction of the society by the emerging technology. The novel explores the separated spirit of Montag towards the awareness of the loss of human feeling in the society. The setting of this novel is portrayed as a dystopian social setting where civilisation is yet to be experienced. Montag is yearning for civilisation success; therefore, he strongly takes dimpsy and misguided to achieve this (Bradbury 35). Montag’s passion and faith on his profession in this society deteriorates gradually. He is often confused, disappointed and frustrated about the kind of society he was brought up in. The relationship between Montag and his wife Mildred is a bit complicated. The wife enjoys watching television more than giving his husband attention, something that Montag is furious with. This relationship seems to be like a juggle. Montag is not quite sure on how to relate with the wife as the wife is always moody. Montag is impulsive and emotionally unstable. This character resonates to that of his wife who is also on a suicidal watch (Bloom 14). Montag’s relationship with the wife also shows the caring nature of Montag when he made up with the wife during the suicidal ordeal (Fenton 2). On the other hand, Montag seems to be fairing on well and finally they start printing books together. This is through the struggle he made to make sure win over the belief of the ways of the society for Montag’s life. Faber’s control over Montag may not have been as fully complete as Beatty’s. He manipulates Montag into believing in everything he tells Montag is the best for him. This strong belief Montag had in Faber finally gave him the opportunity to be part of the nationwide network of book lovers who have acknowledged many great books of literary and philosophical works. Clarisse, though died in the beginning, was well knowledgeable and against the technology in the contemporary society which as well changed Montag. Montag is strongly touched by every world Clarisse utter to him. This 17-year-old woman finally manages to open montages third eye due to the relationship they had built on the importance of love for nature and people (Bradbury 50). Clarisse viewed a dystopian society as a society full of destruction by the technology. She, therefore, believed that the only way this society could be reformed and c ivilised was through respect for nature and people as a whole. Montag somehow felt the weight of this statement towards civilisation as one the individuals who used to burn books in the futuristic American city. Montag tells Faber, â€Å"I want you teach me books† (Bradbury 59). This somehow changed montages perspective on how he viewed the societal ways of life. Beatty was the Montag’

What is the next thing they target or introduce Essay

What is the next thing they target or introduce - Essay Example To address the problem, and in targeting a larger customer base, the company has embarked on cost cutting as a way of raising money to be used in investment and reaching out to more customers. According to Peters (2014), this can be used to cut costs and improve business. The company mostly targets students as they do not have cars. This puts them at a good position to be potential customers for the company. However, the company has to ensure that it reaches out to the customers otherwise it won’t be able to reap from the customers. The next big thing for the company is cutting continual budget in an effort to remain afloat and also continue to cut routes and schedules for the administration. This is being done to ensure that the company remains afloat and operating on its popular routes. The company is aiming at increasing its returns during the peak season as with little money coming from the government, they need to improve their strategies. They were evaluating an idea of using smaller buses though the idea is not totally feasible at the moment. It is also planning to lease out space to renters to ensure that it gets more

Relationship Between Accounting, Accountability and Organizational Essay

Relationship Between Accounting, Accountability and Organizational Control - Essay Example The researcher states that accounting is more than bookkeeping, and is concerned about how these records are put, the analysis of the records and also interpretation. An accountant is concerned with the relationship between the financial results and the events that have led to them. They do study various alternatives that are available to the business and use their knowledge acquired in the accounting field to help managers select the best action plan. Shareholders and management need knowledge in this field so that they get to understand what accountants tell them. Investors also need this knowledge so that they can read and understand the financial statement issued by the business. Since it is a business language all the stakeholders of a business will want to know whether the organization is making a profit or not. It will also help show if the business will meet its commitment as they fall due and not run into bankruptcy. These are only answered by use of accounting information o f the company which can be derived by the equation given by, Total Assets= Total Liabilities + Capital Accountability means taking the responsibility or obligation by an individual or an organization. It has to be done in a transparent manner. The responsibility can take the form of money or properties. In relation to accounting, it takes the form of integrity. That is to say that, the accountant has to be able to take responsibility on any issue regarding the transaction of the firm. Organizations do undertake so many activities on a daily basis. Such activities include the purchase of raw materials for the daily operation of the firm, receiving of payments from the customers, banking of the cash received on a daily basis. All these activities involve transactions and hence there is the responsibility for each and every activity. Each is assigned some duty to be undertaken. The three are related to the following perspectives: a) Performances, there is a high degree required while u ndertaking the three issues. This is because in accounting, an individual performance in meeting different objectives of stakeholders of the firm; accountability takes the form of responsibility and obligation of an individual. The responsibility can be in the form of money or properties. Organizational control is important to the general functioning of an enterprise. It entails planning of what is desired; setting good standards, monitoring the performance of the firm; measuring performance - comparing actual output with that which is expected; and taking accurate measures to correct discrepancies. b) Integrity, The three are pegged on integrity. For example, in accounting, the financial information of the company is prepared on the rules and guidelines of accounting worldwide; accountability, on the other hand, gives obligations to an individual. Organizational control gives an illustration of the level of monitoring and feedback, which is achieved by implementing internal control s. It follows a control loop of assessing systems and procedures, establishing appropriate controls, evaluating outputs and adjusting where necessary. The working definition of the concept of accountability and its relationship to accounting Since accountability refers to a capability of being held responsible for something or being held to account, scrutinized and being required to give an account.

To what extent has the current financial crisis affected people's Essay

To what extent has the current financial crisis affected people's living standards in the UK - Essay Example Similarly, the real income remains at levels in 2002 whereas Consumer Price Inflation has risen by 25% (Croucher, 2013). This indicates the growing disparity between people’s purchasing power and the cost of commodities. Therefore, people are worse off with the increased prices and falling incomes. The commodity prices in UK have been affected largely by the current financial crisis. Prior to the financial crisis, the rapid oil price hike (including that in UK) had generated hope that the UK government would focus on renewable energy projects. However, the oil prices stabilized following the global recession owing to falling demand for fuel (Alvarez-Ramirez et al., 2012). As a result, the prices of commodities in UK, including both direct commodities such as petroleum and indirect commodities such as food stabilized. On the contrary, prices of diamonds saw a sharp decline in 2008 which was followed by a â€Å"rebound† whereby diamond prices exceeded equilibrium levels ( White & Rowley, 2013). This is referred to as a â€Å"commodity boom†. Thereafter, in 2011 when economic activity slowed down, the commodity prices suffered a fallback from their previously high levels. Commodity exporting countries such as the UK are greatly dependent on demand from commodity importing countries and BRIC economies such as India and China. Until 2007 and the first half of 2008, commodity prices increased rapidly due to boom in demand from India and China. However, the recessionary pressures soon caused demand for fuel and other commodities to slow down in these economies (El-Gamal & Jaffe, 2010). The international commodity demand for base metals soared with the demand for oil increasing simultaneously. This had led to an increase in food-based inflation with an increase in prices of petrol, food and other expenses. This inflation held back the Central Bank from reducing interest rates to provide financial comfort to UK citizens during the credit crunch. Furt hermore, with falling economic activity and new housing construction, construction contracts by the UK government also fell significantly from 2007 to 2009 (BBC News, 2012). This reduced the fall in demand for energy with the affect of a short-lived descent in oil prices in the UK during the period. The price of Gold, on the other hand, has been steadily rising following the recession. This is because gold has historically been viewed as a safe haven for investors to save their money during times of economic volatility. Gold boomed as stock markets collapsed and large amounts of money were printed with the dollar â€Å"floundering†. Furthermore, in the financial crisis marked by illiquidity, gold provided a highly liquid investment for investors (Shafiee & Topal, 2010). Emerging markets have had a â€Å"worst-than-expected† demand which shows how demand has fallen drastically resulting in a fall in overall commodity prices in the UK. To conclude, the financial crash ha d the effect of reducing or stabilizing the prices of fuel such as oil which had a spiraling effect on the prices of other commodities. One of the biggest causes of this (as highlighted earlier) has been the falling demand of commodities from BRIC economies in the aftermath of the crisis which has put prices of commodity exporting countries such as UK on a backburner. Furthermore, prices of gold increased due to strengthening of dollar

Teaching Relative Clauses to ESL Learners Research Paper

Teaching Relative Clauses to ESL Learners - Research Paper Example Learning of English as a foreign language is influenced by a number of factors including the structure as well the similarity of the language with diverse forms of the learners’ mother language. In addition to this, the language learning process is complicated and therefore is subject to mistakes with respect to the learners. The teaching of relative clause to the English language learners has been an important consideration for the learners to be competent in the language, as it is used globally. On the other hand, the issue involved in learning the relative clause is due to its complex nature, which is one of the causes for selecting the topic. The problems faced by the English language learner as well as the educator have increased the importance of the topic (Abdolmanafi, 2012). The paper aims at examining the problems faced by the language learners. The underlying reason for the selection of the topic is to examine the factors that are responsible for errors. Moreover, pr oper identification of the error is also essential for the teachers to recognize the measures to solve the issue in the context of learning relative clause. The identification of the learners’ problem in the teaching process facilitates the development of a better language system. In the context of the English language, the use of relative clause results to the addition of more information in the sentence. The importance of the relative clause in the English language is another cause for the selection of concerned topic.

The management of people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The management of people - Essay Example Management is a serious task (Aguilar, 2002). Low team morale is a hindrance to success in any project and it is the Manager's responsibility not only to make sure that the project is successful, but also see that the team is satisfied. People work in projects to make something for people. The problems in projects are human problems. For every technical, financial or schedule problem there is a human problem behind it. The most significant resource any business has is its people. A significant element in managing a complicated project knows how to manage the most precious asset the human resources. Perhaps the greatest challenge that is presented by a global project is the management of the human resource pools. This is true at a macro or overall staffing levels and micro or delegation of work to labour pools level. Management is now assuming a greater role to strategic business partners (Holsapple and Joshi. 2000). Successful businesses realize that true competitive advantage lies in the people. Businesses have been forced to redefine the responsibilities and develop a compelling response for critics who dispute human resource's value to the bottom-line. Management has been around since the dawn of civilization (Terry, 1960). In primitive societies almost everybody had to do physical labour. To break away from this burden, about the only choices were going into politics (kings) or religion (priests). Complications arise in tracing the history of management. Others see it by definition as a late modern in the sense of late modernity conceptualization (Ahmed, Lim, and Zairi. 1999). On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers. Others, on the other hand, detect management-like activities in the pre-modern past. Civilized urban societies led to more specialization, produced new vocational alternatives to manual labour, and saw a tendency of those who did not work with the hands to look down on those who did. Others argue modern management as a discipline started as an off-shoot of economics in the 19th century (Drucker. 1988). Economists provided a theoretical background to resource allocation, production, and pri cing issues (Conceicao, Gibson, Heitor, and Shariq. 1997). About the same time, innovators produced elements of technical production such as standardization, quality-control procedures, cost-accounting, interchange ability of parts, and work-planning. Many of these aspects of management existed in the ante-bellum (pre-1861) US slave-based economy. There, 4 million people were, as the contemporary usages had it, managed in profitable quasi-mass production. By the late 19th century, a new layer of complexity is introduced to the theoretical underpinnings of management (Bennis, 1989). The first tertiary-level course in management in 1881 is offered. Management of People provides managers and human resource professionals with skills and knowledge for managing the people aspects of strategic implementation (McWilliams, Abagail, and Siegel 1999). In the early 21st century, it was easy to see the development of a "third wave" in these well-established concepts (Stacey, 1992). Just as the 21st century has seen new types of organizations and new ways of doing business arise, so, too, will there